Journal of Applied Entomology 

About: Journal of Applied Entomology is an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Population & Biology. It has an ISSN identifier of 0931-2048. Over the lifetime, 7444 publications have been published receiving 108494 citations. The journal is also known as: Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie & Official publication of the German Society of General and Applied Entomology.

The "Galleria bait method" for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil

Abstract: The ‘Galleria bait method’ originally described for trapping of entomoparasitic nematodes in soil has been used successfully also for the detection of naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungi. In many soil samples several species, such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae or Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, could be detected. This method can be applied for various ecological studies independent of the season and the occurrence of soil inhabiting host insects. Zusammenfassung Die “Galleria-Koder-Methode” zum Nachweis von insektenpathogenen Pilzen im Boden Die ursprunglich zur Entdeckung von insektenparasitischen Nematoden im Boden entwickelte “Galleria-Koder-Methode” wurde auch zum Nachweis von naturlich vorkommenden insektenpathogenen Pilzen erfolgreich cingesetzt. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens konnten mehrere Arten, wie Beauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae oder Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, in zahlreichen Bodenproben nachgewiesen werden. Die Methode kann unabhangig von der Jahreszeit und vom Vorhandensein von bestimmten Wirtsinsekten im Boden fur unterschiedliche okologische Untersuchungen angewendet werden.

First records of the potential pest species Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Europe

Abstract: Drosophila suzukii ovoposits and feeds on healthy fruits, unlike most other Drosophila species. It has been traditionally reported from Asia, but in the last 2 years it has been recorded from North America, where it is causing a lot of agricultural damage. Herein we report the first records of, D. suzukii in Europe. It has been found in different localities expanding an altitudinal range from 27 to 1550 m above sea level (ab.s.l). Furthermore by comparing collections of drosophilids from different European populations distributed along a latitudinal cline we were able to determine its high dispersal ability since it spread approximately 1400 km in 1 year either actively or passively through infested fruits. The similarities of the introduction dates in North America and Europe and the COI haplotypes suggest that the two invasions could be related. No considerable damage on crops has been reported yet in Europe. However, if this species gets established in more temperate localities it could become a serious pest. Therefore tracking the invasion of this species is recommended. An early detection of this potential pest is decisive for good management of the fields.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis: ein neuer, gegenüber Larven von Coleopteren wirksamer Pathotyp

Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, a new pathotype effective against larvae of Coleoptera In 1982 a new strain of Bacillus thuringiensis belonging to a new pathotype “C” has been isolated in Darmstadt from Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The strain produces within each sporangium one spore and one insecticidal parasporal crystal which is of flat shape and quadrangular in outline. According to its biochemical features our strain belongs to a new subspecies: B. t. var. tenebrionis. After peroral application of spores and crystals to coleopteran larvae (for instance to the chrysomelids Agelastica alni and Leptinotarsa decemlineata) a dosage-dependent pathological reaction was induced: feeding stop followed by a remarkable mortality caused by B. t.-typical lesions of the larval midgut and subsequent septicemia. Heat-inactivated preparations have no effect, UV-inactivated ones are less effective. In contrast, larvae of Lepidoptera (Ephestia kuhniella, Plutella xylostella) as well as larvae of Nematocera (Aedes aegypti) are not sensitive against spores and crystals of that new isolate. Zusammenfassung Es wird uber einen neuen Pathotyp „C” von B. thuringiensis berichtet. Dieser wird durch den Stamm BI 256–82 reprasentiert, der 1982 in Darmstadt aus Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) isoliert wurde. Der Stamm produziert pro Sporangium eine Spore und einen insektentoxischen parasporalen Kristall von plattchenartiger Form und quadratischem Grundris. Nach den biochemischen Eigenschaften handelt es sich hier um eine neue Subspecies: B. t. var. tenebrionis. Wahrend Larven von Lepidopteren (Ephestia kuhniella, Plutella xylostella) sowie Larven von Nematoceren (Aedes aegypti) gegenuber dem neuen Stamm unempfindlich sind, treten bei Larven von bestimmten Coleopteren (wie den Chrysomeliden Agelastica alni und Leptinotarsa decemlineata) nach der peroralen Aufnahme von Sporen und Kristallen dosisabhangig zuerst ein Frasstopp und anschliesend eine bemerkenswerte Mortalitat auf. Diese wird durch B. t.-typische Lasionen am Larvendarm und eine darauffolgende Septikamie verursacht. Autoklavierte Praparate haben keine Wirkung; UV-inaktivierte Praparate verursachen eine geringere Wirkung im Vergleich zum nativen Praparat.

Foraging habitats and foraging distances of bumblebees, Bombus spp. (Hym., Apidae), in an agricultural landscape

Abstract: In selected foraging habitats of an agricultural landscape flower visits of bumblebees and community structure of foraging bumblebees were studied, with special regard to the role of crops as super-abundant resources. Most crops represent temporal foraging habitats with high abundance of bumblebees but mainly with low diversity in the bumblebee forage community, in contrast to permanent foraging habitats such as, for example, a hedgerow. The high numbers of bumblebees in the monoculture of crop plantations consisted mainly of short-tongued bumblebee species. The role of foraging distances for the visitation rate of foraging habitats was studied by performing capture–recapture experiments with natural nests of Bombus terrestris, Bombus lapidarius and Bombus muscorum. Differences were found on the species as well as the individual level. The foraging distances of B. muscorum were more restricted to the neighbourhood of the nesting habitat than the foraging activity of B. terrestris and B. lapidarius. High percentages of B. terrestris workers were recaptured while foraging on super-abundant resources in distances up to 1750 m from the nest. Isolated patches of highly rewarding forage crops, in agricultural landscapes, are probably only accessed by bumblebee species with large mean foraging distances, such as the short-tongued B. terrestris. Species like the rare, long-tongued B. muscorum depend on a close connection between nesting and foraging habitat. A restricted foraging radius might be one important factor of bumblebee species loss and potential pollinator limitation in modern agricultural landscapes. Furthermore, long-distance flights of bumblebee pollinators have to be considered in the present discussion on gene flow from transgenic plant species on a landscape scale.

Pests, pesticide use and alternative options in European maize production: current status and future prospects

Abstract: Political efforts are made in the European Union (EU) to reduce pesticide use and to increase the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM). Within the EU project ENDURE, research priorities on pesticide reduction are defined. Using maize, one of the most important crops in Europe, as a case study, we identified the most serious weeds, arthropod pests, and fungal diseases as well as classes and amounts of pesticides applied. Data for 11 European maize growing regions were collected from databases, publications and expert estimates. Silage maize dominates in northern Europe and grain production in central and southern Europe. Crop rotations range from continuous growing of maize over several years to well-planned rotation systems. Weeds, arthropod pests and fungal diseases cause economic losses in most regions, even though differences exist between northern countries and central and southern Europe. Several weed and arthropod species cause increasing problems, illustrating that the goal of reducing chemical pesticide applications is challenging. Pesticides could potentially be reduced by the choice of varieties including genetically modified hybrids, cultural control including crop rotation, biological control, optimized application techniques for chemicals, and the development of more specific treatments. However, restrictions in the availability of alternative pest control measures, farm organization, and the training and knowledge of farmers need to be overcome before the adoption of environmentally friendly pest control strategies can reduce chemical pesticides in an economically competitive way. The complex of several problems that need to be tackled simultaneously and the link between different control measures demonstrates the need for IPM approaches, where pest control is seen in the context of the cropping system and on a regional scale. Multicriteria