The fourth version of the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library has been produced in cooperation with the Japanese Nuclear Data Committee. In the new library, much emphasis is placed on the impro...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18811248.2011.9711675

JENDL-4.0: A New Library for Nuclear Science and Engineering

Nuclear forces can be systematically derived using effective chiral Lagrangians consistent with the symmetries of QCD. I review the status of the calculations for two- and three-nucleon forces and their applications in few-nucleon systems. I also address issues like the quark mass dependence of the nuclear forces and resonance saturation for four-nucleon operators.

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Modern theory of nuclear forces

Nowadays it has become customary in nuclear physics to denote by “tradition” the approach that considers nucleons and mesons as the relevant degrees of freedom. It is the purpose of this chapter to review this “traditional” approach in the area of nuclear forces and their applications to nuclear structure.

The Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure

We review how nuclear forces emerge from low-energy QCD via chiral effective field theory. The presentation is accessible to the non-specialist. At the same time, we also provide considerable detailed information (mostly in appendices) for the benefit of researchers who wish to start working in this field.

Chiral effective field theory and nuclear forces

The Coulomb interaction between two protons is included in the calculation of proton-deuteron elastic scattering, radiative proton-deuteron capture, and two-body electromagnetic disintegration of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The hadron dynamics is based on the purely nucleonic charge-dependent (CD) Bonn potential and its realistic extension CD Bonn $+\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ to a coupled-channel two-baryon potential, allowing for single virtual $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-isobar excitation. Calculations are done using integral equations in momentum space. The screening and renormalization approach is employed for including the Coulomb interaction. Convergence of the procedure is found at moderate screening radii. The reliability of the method is demonstrated. The Coulomb effect on observables is seen at low energies for the entire kinematic regime. In proton-deuteron elastic scattering at higher energies the Coulomb effect is confined to forward scattering angles; the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-isobar effect found previously remains unchanged by the Coulomb effect. In electromagnetic reactions the Coulomb effect competes with other effects in a complicated way.

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Momentum-space treatment of the Coulomb interaction in three-nucleon reactions with two protons

The Coulomb interaction between two protons is included in the calculation of proton-deuteron breakup and of three-body electromagnetic disintegration of {sup 3}He. The hadron dynamics is based on the purely nucleonic charge-dependent (CD) Bonn potential and its realistic extension, CD Bonn + {delta}, to a coupled-channel two-baryon potential, allowing for single virtual {delta}-isobar excitation. Calculations are done using integral equations in momentum space. The screening and renormalization approach is employed for including the Coulomb interaction. Convergence of the procedure is found at moderate screening radii. The reliability of the method is demonstrated. The Coulomb effect on breakup observables is seen at all energies in particular kinematic regimes.

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Momentum-space description of three-nucleon breakup reactions including the Coulomb interaction

A two-baryon coupled-channel potential is developed. It couples two-nucleon states and states in which one nucleon is turned into a $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ isobar. It is developed as extension of the purely nucleonic charge-dependent (CD) Bonn potential. It is fitted to two-nucleon scattering data up to 350 MeV nucleon lab energy. Since scattering energies just touch the pion-production threshold, the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ isobar is considered a stable baryon. The resulting fit of the coupled-channel potential is of the same quality as that for CD Bonn. The coupled-channel potential is as realistic as CD Bonn and as any other modern two-nucleon potential. It is charge-dependent as CD Bonn. It is employed for the description of elastic and inelastic three-nucleon scattering. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ isobar yields an effective three-nucleon force in the three-nucleon system, besides other effects. $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-isobar effects in three-nucleon scattering are isolated and discussed.

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Realistic two-baryon potential coupling two-nucleon and nucleon-Δ-isobar states: Fit and applications to three-nucleon system

Properties of the three-nucleon bound states with virtual Δ-isobar excitation☆

The question, whether the high-quality nucleon-nucleon potentials can successfully describe the three-nucleon system, and to what extent three-nucleon forces (3NFs) play a role, has become very important in nuclear few-body physics. One kinematic region where effects because of 3NFs show up is in the minimum of the differential cross section of elastic nucleon-deuteron scattering. Another observable, which could give an indication about the contribution of the spin to 3NFs, is the vector analyzing power. To investigate the importance of 3NFs systematically over a broad range of intermediate energies, both observables of elastic proton-deuteron scattering have been measured at proton bombarding energies of 108, 120, 135, 150, 170, and 190 MeV, covering an angular range in the center-of-mass system between ${30}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ and ${170}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$. The results show unambiguously the shortcomings of calculations employing only two-body forces and the necessity of the inclusion of 3NFs. They also show the limitations of the results of the present day models for few-nucleon systems at backward angles, especially at higher beam energies. New calculations based on chiral perturbation theory are also presented and compared with the data at the lowest energy.

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P. U. Sauer

Papers

Momentum-space treatment of the Coulomb interaction in three-nucleon reactions with two protons

Momentum-space description of three-nucleon breakup reactions including the Coulomb interaction

Realistic two-baryon potential coupling two-nucleon and nucleon-Δ-isobar states: Fit and applications to three-nucleon system

Properties of the three-nucleon bound states with virtual Δ-isobar excitation☆

Systematic investigation of three-nucleon force effects in elastic scattering of polarized protons from deuterons at intermediate energies