http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/171/3973/757.full.pdf

Allelochemics: Chemical Interactions between Species

http://www.ascofrance.fr/uploads/forum_file/1-s2.0-S0953756209804097-main-0001.pdf

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences

Genome sequencing projects have ushered biological research into a new age where scientists are confronted with the daunting undertaking of assigning functions to the full repertoire of proteins (the proteome) encoded by eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Toward this goal, the analysis of genomic data itself has advanced some hypotheses regarding protein function. For instance, genomic signatures, such as chromosomal translocation and gene amplification, have identified proteins that contribute to the pathology of cancer. 1,2 Moreover, daughter technologies to genome sequencing, including transcriptional profiling and siRNAbased gene silencing have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of a range of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor invasion, 3,4 bacterial pathogenesis, 5,6 and insulin signaling. 7 Despite these successes, the general application of such methods for protein function assignment suffers from some inherent limitations, namely, the reliance on profiling and manipulation of gene expression to deduce the roles played by proteins in cellular processes. Most proteins are regulated by a complex array of posttranslational events that may or may not be directly reflected in gene expression signatures, 8,9 and therefore, more direct methods are needed to evaluate protein function on a global scale. Drawing conceptual and methodological inspiration from the success of genomic technologies, the field of proteomics has introduced several strategies for the global analysis of protein expression and function. Examples include liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC -MS) platforms for shotgun analysis of protein expression and modification state, 10-12 yeast two-hybrid assays for the large-scale mapping of protein-protein interactions, 13,14and protein microarrays for the proteome-wide analysis of the biochemical activities * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cravatt@ scripps.edu.

Mechanism-based profiling of enzyme families.

Trichoderma species are free-living fungi that are highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments and have been used successfully in field trials to control many crop pathogens. Structural and biological studies of the metabolites isolated from Trichoderma species are reviewed. This review, encompassing all the literature in this field up to the present and in which 269 references are cited, also includes a detailed study of the biological activity of the metabolites, especially the role of these metabolites in biological control mechanisms. Some aspects of the biosynthesis of these metabolites and related compounds are likewise discussed.

Secondary metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma

(1973). Sensory Irritation by Airborne Chemicals. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 299-363.

Sensory Irritation by Airborne Chemicals

THE mould Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fries is generally known to possess marked powers of antagonism to other fungi. It has been previously shown1 that some strains of this mould produce gliotoxin. We have recently found a number of strains which produce another substance, which we propose to name 'viridin', characterized by remarkably high fungistatic activity.

Viridin: a Highly Fungistatic Substance Produced by Trichoderma viride

GLIOTOXIN was first described by Weindling and Emerson1 as a metabolic product of Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz [= T. viride Pers. ex Fries]. Weindling afterwards2, on the advice of C. Thom and M. Timonin, reported that he had described the fungus incorrectly, and that instead it should be identified as a Gliocladium, similar to Gliocladium flmbriatum Gilman and Abbott. I have found that strains of Trichoderma viride produce gliotoxin, and I suggest that it is extremely probable that the fungus used, by Weindling was not G. fimbriatum, but was a Trichoderma as he originally supposed.

Production of Gliotoxin by Trichoderma viride

CONSIDERABLE interest has been aroused by the researches of Rayner1 and Neilson Jones2 on a growth failure of conifers at Wareham Heath, Dorset. These workers have demonstrated that this growth failure is associated with the development, in the soil, of a definite toxicity to the mycorrhizal fungi normally associated with these trees, and have presented convincing evidence that the toxicity is of biological origin. Neilson Jones has suggested that it may be due to production of hydrogen sulphide by aerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria. We have now been able to show that the toxicity may be due, at least in part, to the production of fungistatic organic substances by certain Penicillium spp. characteristic of the Wareham soil microflora.

Origin of a Toxicity to Mycorrhiza in Wareham Heath Soil

IN a recent discussion of the lachrymatory activity of some ethylenic compounds, Dixon and, Needham1 have suggested that lachrymatory properties are conferred by certain substituent groups (ketone, aldehyde, ester, nitro-, etc.) which polarize the adjacent olefinic linkages, rendering them reactive towards nucleophilic reagents.

/pdf/fungistatic-activity-of-ethylenic-and-acetylenic-compounds-2rnbhwgldj.pdf

Fungistatic activity of ethylenic and acetylenic compounds.

IN 1944 we obtained a culture of a Metarrhizium sp. from the United States Department of Agriculture, which had been described by Great-house, Klemme and Barker1 as an active decomposer of cellulose, particularly suitable for in vitro assessment of textile preservative treatments. This fungus was afterwards described by Pope2 as a new species, M. glutinosum. Our organism agrees with Pope's description. We have found that this mould, when grown on a variety of synthetic media, produces fungistatic culture filtrates. From cultures of this mould on Raulin Thorn medium, supplemented by 0.01 percent 'Difco' yeast extract, we have isolated a substance for which we propose the name 'glutinosin' in yields of the order of 15 mgm. per litre of culture filtrate.

/pdf/biologically-active-metabolic-products-of-the-mould-2hiks2t3pw.pdf

P. W. Brian

Papers

Viridin: a Highly Fungistatic Substance Produced by Trichoderma viride

Production of Gliotoxin by Trichoderma viride

Origin of a Toxicity to Mycorrhiza in Wareham Heath Soil

Fungistatic activity of ethylenic and acetylenic compounds.

Biologically Active Metabolic Products of the Mould Metarrhizium glutinosum S. Pope