Aging is a natural process in humans as accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals which leads to the activation of hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase, that can further contribute to cellular and tissue damage. Bioactive compounds from plants have been used as antioxidant that might inhibit aging processes as well. This study aimed to determine antioxidant and anti aging properties of Oryza sativa Extract (OSE), and its compounds, vanillin and coumaric acid. The phytochemical analysis of OSE was performed with Farnsworth modified method. Antioxidant activities were performed by measurement of 2,2-diphenyl 1-pichylhydazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) reducing activity, while anti aging assay were observed through inhibitory of elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase activities. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids and saponins in high level. OSE showed lowest DPPH activity (IC 50 = 314.51 μg/mL) compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 283 μg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 255.69 μg/mL). In ABTS assay, OSE resulted lowest activity(IC 50 = 145.67 μg/mL), compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 4.96 μg/mL) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 1.67 μg/mL). OSE also showed the lowest FRAP-reducing activity (21.26 μM Fe(II)/μg), compared to vanillin (35.05 μM Fe(II)/μg) and coumaric acid (48.52μM Fe(II)/μg). OSE showed the lowest collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 816.78,107.51, and 203.13 μg/mL), compared to vanillin (IC 50 = 16.27, 14.46, 45.23 μg/mL respectively) and coumaric acid (IC 50 = 146.89, 25.38, 8.21 μg/mL respectively). In summary, OSE possess the lowest antioxidant and anti aging activities compared to vanillin and coumaric acid.

http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/jnr/article/download/7220/7336

Antioxidant and Anti Aging Assays of Oryza Sativa Extracts, Vanillin and Coumaric Acid

As researchers are increasingly able to collect data on a large scale from multiple clinical and omics modalities, multi-omics integration is becoming a critical component of metabolomics research. This introduces a need for increased understanding by the metabolomics researcher of computational and statistical analysis methods relevant to multi-omics studies. In this review, we discuss common types of analyses performed in multi-omics studies and the computational and statistical methods that can be used for each type of analysis. We pinpoint the caveats and considerations for analysis methods, including required parameters, sample size and data distribution requirements, sources of a priori knowledge, and techniques for the evaluation of model accuracy. Finally, for the types of analyses discussed, we provide examples of the applications of corresponding methods to clinical and basic research. We intend that our review may be used as a guide for metabolomics researchers to choose effective techniques for multi-omics analyses relevant to their field of study.

Metabolomics and Multi-Omics Integration: A Survey of Computational Methods and Resources

Spices have broadly been used as food flavoring and folk medicine since ancient times. Numerous phytochemicals have been identified in spices, namely thymol (ajowan and thyme), anethole (aniseed), piperine (black pepper), capsaicin (capsicum), cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), eugenol (clove), linalool (coriander), sabinene (curry leaf), limonene (dill seed), estragole (fennel seed), allicin (garlic), gingerol (ginger), safranal (saffron), and curcumin (turmeric), among others. The antioxidants in spices are very effective and also render anti-mutagenic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Apart from their antioxidant efficacy, spices, particularly their essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and microbial toxins synthesis. In this contribution, a summary of the most relevant and recent findings on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of spices has been compiled and discussed. The content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids in different spices are summarized. In addition, the beneficial effects of spices in food preservation and in health promotion and disease risk reduction are briefly described.

/pdf/bioactives-in-spices-and-spice-oleoresins-phytochemicals-and-3o57t7qec9.pdf

Bioactives in spices, and spice oleoresins: Phytochemicals and their beneficial effects in food preservation and health promotion

Obesity is a health concern related to many metabolic disorders. In the prevention and treatment of overweight, medicines and bariatric surgeries are major strategies but there are side effects. A variety of naturally occurring bioactive ingredients derived from common spices, including cinnamon, rosemary, ginger, pepper, saffron, garlic, onion and turmeric, have been proved to have weight-loss effects. In this work, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of eight common spices are reviewed and evaluated in cell models, animal models and human subjects. Bioactive compounds from these spices are able to reduce lipid accumulation in fat cells and adipose tissues by regulating the expressions of related transcriptional factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). They are also able to modulate the activities of certain enzymes related to lipogenesis, such as acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and others. After oral treatment with the spice extracts, apoptosis was induced in 3T3-L1 cells, thermogenesis was promoted in adipose tissues, and there was decreased body weight gain in obese animal models and human participants, which provide the basis for these functional food compounds to be developed into dietary supplements against obesity.

Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive ingredients in common spices: a review

Objective To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract (OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Methods A cytotoxic assay using MTS tetrazolium was conducted to find a nontoxic level of OTEE and EGCG toward RAW 264.7 cells. Interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) levels were measured by ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) levels measured by a nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay to determine the inhibition activity of OTEE and EGCG. Results Lipopolysaccharide induction increases NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels compared with the untreated cell (negative control). The positive control, lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 without treatments showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study. The positive control was used as standard to obtain OTEE and EGCG inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. OTEE had a higher inhibition activity toward NO, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β than EGCG; the reverse was seen for TNF-α. However, both OTEE and EGCG suppressed production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Conclusions OTEE and EGCG have the potential for use as anti-inflammatory drugs, which is shown by their ability to reduce the production of NO, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in active macrophages.

Anti-inflammatory properties of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanol extract and epigallocatechin gallate in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells

Objective Recent evidence points to the gut microbiome’s involvement in postoperative outcomes, including after gastrectomy. Here, we investigated the influence of gastrectomy for gastric cancer on the gut microbiome and metabolome, and how it related to postgastrectomy conditions. Design We performed shotgun metagenomics sequencing and capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses on faecal samples collected from participants with a history of gastrectomy for gastric cancer (n=50) and compared them with control participants (n=56). Results The gut microbiota in the gastrectomy group showed higher species diversity and richness (p 2.0), as were also Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes modules involved in nutrient transport and organic compounds biosynthesis (LEfSe: p 2.0). Conclusion Our results reveal alterations of gut microbiota after gastrectomy, suggesting its association with postoperative comorbidities. The multi-omic approach applied in this study could complement the follow-up of patients after gastrectomy.

https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/69/8/1404.full.pdf

Influence of gastrectomy for gastric cancer treatment on faecal microbiome and metabolome profiles

Background: Inflammation is one of an important biological response toward injury. Cytokine and mediator are produced by macrophage during the inflammatory process. Anti-inflammatory is important to treat the dangerous of chronic inflammation associated with chronic disease. Various plants and their derived compounds have been used in the treatment of inflammation including Myristica fragrans . The present study was designed to determine anti-inflammatory potential of M. fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and pure quercetin extract from M. fragrans on LPS stimulated-murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). Methods: Cell viability assay to evaluate the non toxic concentration in cell line was performed by MTS assay. The anti-inflammatory potential was assayed through the inhibitory activity of M. fragrans seed extract and quercetin on NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production.  Results: The lowest cytotoxic activity and safe substance on RAW 264.7 cell were 50 and 10 µg/mL concentration of the M. fragrans seed ethanolic extract and quercetin compound . M. fragrans dose-dependently inhibited NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production on LPS stimulated-RAW 264.7. The 50 µg/mL of M. fragrans seed ethanolic extract showed the highest TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and nitrite-associated with NO inhibitory activity. Conclusions: This research suggested that M. fragrans seed extract and quercetin compound possess the anti-inflammatory potential showed through the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and NO secretion.

/pdf/in-vitro-study-of-myristica-fragrans-seed-nutmeg-ethanolic-16vni1jmvb.pdf

In vitro study of Myristica fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and quercetin compound as anti-inflammatory agent -

Inflammation plays an important role in host defense against external stimuli such as infection by
pathogen, endotoxin or chemical exposure by the production of the inflammatory mediators that produced by
macrophage. Anti-inflammatory factor is important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with
chronic disease. This research aims to analyze the anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana L. peel extract
(GMPE), α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) by inhibiting
the production of inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic assay of G. mangostana L. extract, α-mangostin, and γ-
mangostin were performed by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-
2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe and non-toxic concentration in RAW 264.7 for the further assay. The
concentration of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by the ELISA-based assay and
NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity was
determined by the reducing concentration of inflammatory mediators in treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 over the
untreated cells. This research revealed that GMPE, α-mangostin, and γ-mangostin possess the anti-inflammatory
effect by reducing COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO production in LPS-induces RAW 264.7 cells.

https://synapse.koreamed.org/upload/SynapseData/PDFData/0228nps/nps-22-147.pdf

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with oxidative reaction and hyperglycemic condition. Human body has an antioxidant defense system toward free radical, but overproduction of free radical causing imbalance condition between the free radical and the antioxidant defense in the body that lead to several diseases, including DM. Glucosidase is an enzyme that hydrolize carbohydrates causing increase of blood glucose level, so by inhibiting this enzyme blood glucose level in plasma could be effectively decreased. Rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel has been reported to have many potential roles, such as antioxidant and anti-glycemia. Therefore our current study was conducted to evaluate possible effectivity of Rambutan peel to scavenge free radical and to inhibit α- and β-glucosidases.  METHODS: Rambutan peel extraction (RPE) was performed based on maceration method. Geraniin was used as control. For antioxidant study, 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test was performed. For glucosidase inhibitory activity study,  α- and β-glucosidases inhibitory activity tests were performed. Results were analyzed for median of Inhibitory Concentration (IC50). RESULTS: The scavenging activity of RPE was comparable with Geraniin. Meanwhile, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RPE was higher than the one of Geraniin. The α-glucosidase-inhibitory-activity IC50 of RPE and Geraniin were 0.106±0.080 μg/ml and 16.12±0.29 μg/ml, respectively. The β-glucosidase inhibitory activity of RPE was also higher than the one of Geraniin. The β-glucosidase-inhibitory-activity IC50 of RPE and Geraniin were 7.02±0.99 μg/ml and 19.81±0.66 μg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION: Since RPE showed comparable free radical scavenging activity with Geraniin and higher α- and β-glucosidases inhibitory activities than Geraniin, RPE could be suggested as a promising antioxidant and antiglycemic agent.  KEYWORDS: Nephelium lappaceum L., rambutan, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, free radical, diabetes mellitus, glucosidase, DPPH

/pdf/free-radical-scavenging-and-alpha-beta-glucosidases-3xkkacb2fu.pdf

Free Radical Scavenging and Alpha/Beta-glucosidases Inhibitory Activities of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) Peel Extract

—Deaths from cancer worldwide are estimated to continue rising. Free radicals are toxic to cellular components. It is known that they cause DNA damage, contribute to DNA instability and mutation, thus favor carcinogenesis. This research was conducted to determine the activity of Cucumis melo extract and β-carotene in antioxidative
and cytotoxic potencies. The research was done by examining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The cytotoxic potency was
determined by the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-
carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium)
assay on HeLa, HepG2 and NIH3T3 cell lines. β-carotene exhibited more active DPPH free radical scavenging activity compared with C. melo extract. C. melo extract showed more active anti-cancer both in HeLa (IC50: 23.649 μg/mL)
and HepG2 (IC50: 110.403 μg/mL) cancer cells. C. melo
extract (IC50: 16,670.404 μg/mL) and β-carotene (IC50:
50,645.994 μg/mL) had low cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 fibroblast. C. melo extract has lower antioxidant activity, but higher cytotoxic potency compared with β-carotene.

/pdf/phytochemical-free-radical-scavenging-andcytotoxic-assay-of-4uz0662eym.pdf

Pande Putu Erawijantari

Papers

Influence of gastrectomy for gastric cancer treatment on faecal microbiome and metabolome profiles

In vitro study of Myristica fragrans seed (Nutmeg) ethanolic extract and quercetin compound as anti-inflammatory agent -

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and its Compounds in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Cells

Free Radical Scavenging and Alpha/Beta-glucosidases Inhibitory Activities of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) Peel Extract

Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging andCytotoxic Assay of Cucumis Melo L. Extract andβ-Carotene