8.4.5. Nitromercuration Reactions 3878 9. Hydroamination of Alkenes and Alkynes under Microwave Irradiation 3878 * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: +49 241 8

Hydroamination: direct addition of amines to alkenes and alkynes.

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Nitrogen–carbon bonds are ubiquitous in products ranging from chemical feedstock to pharmaceuticals. As ammonia is among the least expensive bulk chemicals produced in the largest volume, one of the greatest challenges of synthetic chemistry is to develop atom-efficient processes for the combination of NH3 with simple organic molecules to create nitrogen–carbon bonds. Transition-metal complexes can readily render a variety of N–H bonds reactive enough to undergo functionalization, including those of primary and secondary amines. However, with a few exceptions,[1,2] metals react with ammonia to afford supposedly inert Lewis acid–base complexes, as first recognized in the late 19th century by Werner.[3] Consequently, the homogeneous catalytic functionalization of NH3 remained elusive[4] until the recent discovery by Shen and Hartwig[5] and Surry and Buchwald[6] of the palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with ammonia in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of a base. An even more appealing process would be the addition of NH3 to carbon–carbon multiple bonds, a process that would occur ideally with 100% atom economy.[7] Although various homogeneous catalysts, including alkali metals,[8] early[9] and late transition metals,[10] and d-[11] and f-block elements,[12] have been used to effect the so-called hydroamination reaction, none of them were reported to be effective when NH3 is used as the amine partner.[13] Herein we report that cationic gold(I) complexes supported by a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC)[14] ligand readily catalyze the addition of ammonia to a variety of unactivated alkynes and allenes to provide a diverse array of linear and cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds.

We showed recently that the cationic CAAC–gold complex A was very robust and exhibited unusual catalytic reactivity towards alkynes.[15] This discovery prompted us to investigate whether such a complex could activate alkynes sufficiently to enable the addition of NH3.[16] Thus, excess ammonia was condensed into a sealable NMR tube containing A (5 mol%), 3-hexyne, and deuterated benzene. Upon heating to 160 °C for 3.5 h, the clean addition of NH3 afforded the primary imine 2a, the expected tautomer of the corresponding enamine (Table 1).[17]



Table 1

Catalytic hydroamination of 3-hexyne with ammonia.[a]



Complex A does not have to be isolated; when it was prepared in situ from an equimolar mixture of [(CAAC)AuCl]/KB(C6F5)4 (A1), identical results were obtained. When the related silver complex [(CAAC)AgCl]/KB(C6F5)4 or NH4B(C6F5)4 was used as the catalyst, no reaction was observed, which shows the importance of gold and rules out a Bronsted acid mediated reaction.[18] Finally, as AuCl, AuCl/ KB(C6F5)4, and even [(CAAC)AuCl] do not induce the hydroamination, it is clear that the gold center can only catalyze the addition of NH3 if it is coordinated by the CAAC ligand and rendered cationic by Cl abstraction.

To gain insight into the catalytic process, we performed a number of experiments: The addition of excess NH3 to complex A gave the Werner complex B instantaneously; the addition of 3-hexyne (1a; 1 equiv) to complex A gave the η2-bound alkyne complex C instantaneously (Scheme 1). Upon the exposure of a solution of C in benzene to excess NH3, 3-hexyne was immediately displaced from the gold center, and the Werner complex B was isolated in quantitative yield. This result suggests that NH3 does not add to the alkyne through an outer-sphere mechanism. Importantly, when a solution of complex B in benzene was treated at room temperature for 24 h with a large excess of 3-hexyne, the imine complex D was obtained quantitatively, even when the reaction vessel was open to a glovebox atmosphere. This experiment implies that NH3 does not dissociate from the metal by a simple ligand exchange with the alkyne. Therefore, an insertion mechanism, similar to that proposed by Tanaka and co-workers[19] and Nishina and Yamamoto[20] for gold-catalyzed hydroamination with aryl amines, is quite likely. Finally, the addition of excess NH3 to D liberated the imine 2a and regenerated complex B. From the results of these experiments, it can be concluded that the Werner complex B is the resting state of the catalyst. Indeed, B exhibits identical catalytic activity to that of A/A1. Consequently, the robust and readily available complex B (Figure 1)[21] was used in subsequent experiments.



Scheme 1

Experiments to probe the reaction mechanism. The results suggest that an insertion process is involved, and that B is the resting state of the catalyst.





Figure 1

Molecular structure of complex B in the solid state. (Hydrogen atoms, except those at N1, and the (C6F5)4B anion are omitted for clarity; ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability).



To test the scope of the reaction, the terminal alkyne 1b and the diaryl alkyne 1c were treated with NH3 in the presence of a catalytic amount of complex B (Scheme 2). With 1b, the reaction took place even at 110 °C to afford the Markovnikov imine 2b exclusively in 60% yield. When diphenyl acetylene (1c) was used, the 2-aza-1,3-diene 3c was formed cleanly in 95% yield. The different outcome of the reaction of 1c with respect to the results with substrates 1a,b can be rationalized by the presence of acidic benzylic hydrogen atoms in the imine. These acidic hydrogen atoms favor the formation of the enamine tautomer, which can then react further with a second molecule of the alkyne to afford 3c.



Scheme 2

Catalytic hydroamination of various alkynes with ammonia.



Nitrogen heterocycles are an important class of compounds that occur widely in natural products and often display potent biological activity. On the basis of the results described above, we attempted the direct synthesis of hetero-cycles from diynes and NH3. When 1,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-diyne (1d) and hexa-1,5-diyne (1e) were used, the corresponding 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles 4d and 4e were produced in 87 and 96% yield, respectively. Both products result from the Markovnikov addition of NH3, followed by ring-closing hydroamination.[22,23] The treatment of the 1,4-diyne 1f with NH3 under similar conditions led to a 3:2 mixture of the five- and six-membered heterocycles 5f and 6f in 88% yield. The six-membered ring 6f arises from two consecutive Markovnikov hydroamination reactions, whereas the formation of 5f involves an anti-Markovnikov addition of NH3 or ring-closing step.

To expand the scope of the hydroamination reaction with NH3, we next tested allenes as substrates. When 1,2-propadiene (7a) was used, a mixture of mono- (8a), di- (9a) and triallylamine (10a) was obtained in excellent yield. Allyl amines are among the most versatile intermediates in synthesis and are of industrial importance. For example, the parent compound 8a, which is produced commercially from ammonia and allyl chloride, is used in antifungal preparations and the synthesis of polymers. By varying the NH3/allene ratio it is possible to control the selectivity of this reaction significantly (Table 2). In particular, the parent allylamine (8a) and triallylamine (10a) can be obtained with 86 and 91% selectivity, respectively, and further optimization of the conditions should be possible. The addition of NH3 to 1,2-dienes is not restricted to the parent allene 7a. The dialkyl-substituted derivative 7b was also converted into the corresponding allyl amines 8b–10b, with exclusive addition of the NH2 group at the less-hindered terminus; however the selectivity of this reaction for the mono-, di-, or trisubstituted amine product needs some improvement. Interestingly, even the tetrasubstituted allene 7c underwent hydroamination with ammonia. Probably because of steric factors, a different regioselectivity was observed, and only the monohydroamination product 11C was formed.[24]



Table 2

Catalytic hydroamination of allenes with ammonia.



The results outlined herein demonstrate that (CAAC)-gold(I) cations readily catalyze the addition of NH3 to non-activated alkynes and allenes. This reaction leads to reactive nitrogen-containing compounds, such as imines, enamines, and allyl amines, and is therefore an ideal initial step for the preparation of simple bulk chemicals, as well as rather complex molecules, as illustrated by the preparation of heterocycles 4–6. This study paves the way for the discovery of catalysts that mediate the addition of ammonia to simple alkenes, a process considered to be one of the ten greatest challenges for catalytic chemistry.[25]

Homogeneous Catalytic Hydroamination of Alkynes and Allenes with Ammonia

Asymmetric hydroamination allows the direct and selective formation of a new CN bond as a simple procedure towards valuable scalemic synthons. Huge efforts have recently been made to overcome the challenges associated with this transformation. This non-comprehensive Concept article aims at pointing out the most recent and original progresses, offering nearby developments, and addressing the next challenges.

Asymmetric hydroamination: a survey of the most recent developments.

Disclosed herein is a general catalytic system for the intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes. By using an organocatalytic photoredox system, α- and β-substituted styrenes as well as aliphatic alkenes undergo anti-Markovnikov hydroamination. Heterocyclic amines were also successfully employed as nitrogen nucleophiles, thus providing a direct route to heterocyclic motifs common in medicinal agents.

anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes catalyzed by a two-component organic photoredox system: direct access to phenethylamine derivatives.

Intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes catalyzed by diamidobinaphthyl magnesium- and zinc-complexes

Base-catalyzed anti-markovnikov hydroamination of vinylarenes : Scope, limitations and computational studies

Salt metathesis reaction of the imido complex [Ti(NR)Cl2(NC5H5)3] (R = tBu, C6H3iPr2-2,6) with 1 equiv. of the lithium salt of the corresponding [OSSO]-type bis(phenol) [edtbpH2: (HOC6H2-tBu2-4,6)2(SCH2CH2S); rac-(cydtbp)H2: (HOC6H2-tBu2-4,6)2(S2C6H10-1,2)] afforded imido titanium complexes [Ti(edtbp)(NtBu)(NC5H5)] (1), [Ti(edtbp)(NC6H3iPr2-2,6)(NC5H5)] (2), and [Ti{rac-(cydtbp)}(NtBu)(NC5H5)] (3). The bis(dimethylamido)titanium complex [Ti(edtbp)(NMe2)2] (4) was synthesized by protonolysis of [Ti(NMe2)4] with bis(phenol) edtbpH2. Reaction of [Ti(NMe2)Cl3] with the lithium salt of the bis(phenol) gave the chloro dimethylamido complex [Ti(edtbp)(NMe2)Cl] (5) in high yield. All complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Additionally, complexes 1 and 5 were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Imido titanium complex 1 shows moderate activity in the intramolecular hydroamination reaction of 5-phenylpent-4-ynylamine. Complexes 1–3 catalyze the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)

Patricia Horrillo-Martínez

Papers

Intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes catalyzed by diamidobinaphthyl magnesium- and zinc-complexes

Base-catalyzed anti-markovnikov hydroamination of vinylarenes : Scope, limitations and computational studies

Imido and Amido Titanium Complexes that Contain a [OSSO]-Type Bis(phenolato) Ligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Hydroamination Catalysis