This study investigated the relation of the “Big Five” personality dimensions (Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled). Results indicated that one dimension of personality, Conscientiousness, showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups. For the remaining personality dimensions, the estimated true score correlations varied by occupational group and criterion type. Extraversion was a valid predictor for two occupations involving social interaction, managers and sales (across criterion types). Also, both Openness to Experience and Extraversion were valid predictors of the training proficiency criterion (across occupations). Other personality dimensions were also found to be valid predictors for some occupations and some criterion types, but the magnitude of the estimated true score correlations was small (ρ < .10). Overall, the results illustrate the benefits of using the 5-factor model of personality to accumulate and communicate empirical findings. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice in personnel psychology, especially in the subfields of personnel selection, training and development, and performance appraisal.

The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis

A new 4-group model of attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. Four prototypic attachment patterns are defined using combinations of a person's self-image (positive or negative) and image of others (positive or negative). In Study 1, an interview was developed to yield continuous and categorical ratings of the 4 attachment styles. Intercorrelations of the attachment ratings were consistent with the proposed model. Attachment ratings were validated by self-report measures of self-concept and interpersonal functioning. Each style was associated with a distinct profile of interpersonal problems, according to both self- and friend-reports. In Study 2, attachment styles within the family of origin and with peers were assessed independently. Results of Study 1 were replicated. The proposed model was shown to be applicable to representations of family relations; Ss' attachment styles with peers were correlated with family attachment ratings.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/61/2/226.pdf

Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model

Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.

/pdf/the-weirdest-people-in-the-world-480wr4m3kb.pdf

The WEIRDest People in the World

This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data

The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.

/pdf/an-introduction-to-the-five-factor-model-and-its-1hd8x7eums.pdf

An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications.

The main goal of this chapter is to explore the link between cognition and affect, 
and the relationship of both to communicative processes in marriage. The primary focus is on processes involved in marital communication at three different 
levels: judgments of affect, judgments of intention, and attributions of blame and 
causality.

Communication in marriage: The influence of affect and cognition.

48 married couples (mean age 33.5 yrs) who, in an earlier study by the present author (see record 1981-25650-001), had received a score indicating how accurately they decoded ambiguous messages from their spouses, were shown a videotape of strangers of both sexes sending similar messages in the present study. In the earlier study, low-marital-adjustment (determined by the Short Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test) Ss had obtained lower scores when decoding their spouses than had other Ss; such differences were not found when these Ss were decoding opposite-sex strangers. Findings suggest the possibility that the communication problems found in low-marital-adjustment couples are a consequence of the unhappy relationship rather than the cause of it. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Gender and marital adjustment level differences in decoding messages from spouses and strangers

Introduction. Section I. Introductory Issues. Chapter 1. The needs, benefits, and perils of close relationships. J. A. Simpson & S. Tran. Chapter 2. The changing social context of relationships. C. M. Bryant, J. M. Bolland, L. Burton, T. Hurt, & B. M. Bryant. Chapter 3. Studying close relationships: Methodological Challenges and Advances. J. A. Feeney. Section II - Types of Relationships. Chapter 4. Marital relations. P. Noller. Chapter 5. Parent-child relationships: Contemporary Perspectives. R. D. Parke, K. Morris, T. Schofield, M. Leidy, M. Miller, & M. Flyr. Chapter 6. Parent-adolescent relationships. W. A. Collins & B. Laursen. Chapter 7. Sibling relationships in childhood and adolescence. S. M McHale, J. Kim, & S. Whiteman. Chapter 8. Adult friendship: A Decade Review. K. Ueno & R. G. Adams. Chapter 9. Interethnic relationships. S. O. Gaines Jr., R. A. R. Gurung, Y.Lin, & N. Pouli. Section III. Relationship Processes . Chapter 10. Attachment across the lifepan. C. Hazan, M. Campa, & N. Gur-Yaish. Chapter 11. Intimacy and the self: An Iterative Model of the Self and Close Relationships. S. L. Gable & H. T. Reis. Chapter 12. Passionate love, sexual desire, & mate-selection: Cross-cultural & Historical Perspectives. E. Hatfield & R. L. Rapson. Chapter 13. Mate-selection: Adaptive Problems and Evolved Cognitive Programs. D. Lieberman. Chapter 14. Sexuality in close relationships. S. Sprecher. Chapter 15. Emotion and cognition in close relationships. J. Fitness. Chapter 16. What partners do to maintain their close relationships. K. Dindia & T. M. Emmers-Sommer. Chapter 17. From bickering to battering: Destructive Conflict Processes in Intimate Relationships. Linda J. Roberts. Chapter 18. Relationship dissolution: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. A. L. Vangelisti

Close Relationships : Functions, Forms and Processes

We examined the unique relations between the five dimensions of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994) and depression and agoraphobic behavior (i.e., avoidance of situations where high anxiety is experienced). In addition, we examined mediation models in an attempt to clarify the link between adult attachment and these two dimensions of psychopathology. In testing these models, we administered the ASQ, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Agoraphobic Catastrophic Cognitions Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (a measure of the degree to which situations are avoided that are typically anxiety provoking for people with agoraphobia) to 122 participants (44 with agoraphobia, 25 with a current major depressive disorder, and 53 with no current psychopathology). The results showed that the insecure attachment dimensions of need for approval, preoccupation with relationships, and relationships as secondary were uniquely associated with depression and that general self-efficacy partly mediated the relationship between need for approval and depression. In contrast, only preoccupation with relationships was uniquely associated with agoraphobic behavior, and catastrophic cognitions about bodily sensations partly mediated this association.

/pdf/the-relationship-of-adult-attachment-dimensions-to-1sqerqnq8u.pdf

The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia

The experience of romantic jealousy and its influence on relationship outcomes is unclear. Romantic jealousy is often associated with damaging effects; on the other hand, jealousy is linked to positive relationship outcomes such as increased commitment. In this study, we aimed to address inconsistencies in previous research by proposing rumination as a mediator between romantic jealousy (cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors) and relationship dissatisfaction. We also aimed to extend our understanding of behavioral responses to jealousy, and in particular, partner surveillance and its link to relational dissatisfaction by proposing a research question. Overall, there were two paths to relationship dissatisfaction: Cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors were associated with relationship dissatisfaction via rumination, and cognitive jealousy was also directly associated with relationship dissatisfaction. Interestingly, surveillance behaviors were directly associated with relationship satisfaction. From these results, rumination is highlighted as a factor in explaining the link between romantic jealousy and relationship dissatisfaction. Clinical implications are discussed.

/pdf/romantic-jealousy-and-relationship-satisfaction-the-costs-of-1n7mrndxei.pdf

Patricia Noller

Papers

Communication in marriage: The influence of affect and cognition.

Gender and marital adjustment level differences in decoding messages from spouses and strangers

Close Relationships : Functions, Forms and Processes

The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia

Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction: The Costs of Rumination