Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

Measuring Behaviour is a guide to the principles and methods of quantitative studies of behaviour, with an emphasis on techniques of direct observation, recording and analysis. Numerous textbooks describe and analyse human and animal behaviour, but none provides a comprehensive review of the principles and techniques of its measurement. Those undertaking this task for the first time are often bemused by the apparent difficulty of the job facing them - how will they accurately and systematically record all that is happening? The purpose of this book is to provide this basic knowledge in a succinct and easily understood form. This concise review of methodology includes a comprehensive annotated bibliography. Written with ,brevity and clarity, Measuring Behaviour is intended, above all, as a practical guide-book.

Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide

Many plants and animals are capable of developing in a variety of ways, forming characteristics that are well adapted to the environments in which they are likely to live. In adverse circumstances, for example, small size and slow metabolism can facilitate survival, whereas larger size and more rapid metabolism have advantages for reproductive success when resources are more abundant. Often these characteristics are induced in early life or are even set by cues to which their parents or grandparents were exposed. Individuals developmentally adapted to one environment may, however, be at risk when exposed to another when they are older. The biological evidence may be relevant to the understanding of human development and susceptibility to disease. As the nutritional state of many human mothers has improved around the world, the characteristics of their offspring--such as body size and metabolism--have also changed. Responsiveness to their mothers' condition before birth may generally prepare individuals so that they are best suited to the environment forecast by cues available in early life. Paradoxically, however, rapid improvements in nutrition and other environmental conditions may have damaging effects on the health of those people whose parents and grandparents lived in impoverished conditions. A fuller understanding of patterns of human plasticity in response to early nutrition and other environmental factors will have implications for the administration of public health.

Developmental plasticity and human health.

List of contributors Introduction Acknowledgements Part I. Motivation and Perception: Editorial: 1 1. Hierarchical organisation: a candidate principle for ethology Richard Dawkins 2. Form and function on the temporal organisation of behaviour D. J. McFarland 3. Attentional processes and animal behaviour R. J. Andrew 4. Dynamic boundaries of patterned behaviour: interaction and self-organization John C. Fentress 5. Sound production and perception in birds as related to the general principles of pattern perception W. H. Thorpe and J. Hall-Craggs Editorial: 2 Part II. Function and Evolution: Editorial: 3 6. Evolutionary rules and primate societies T.H. Clutton-Brock and P. H. Harvey 7. Social organization, communication and graded signals: the chimpanzee and the gorilla Peter Marler 8. Kin selection in lions and evolution B. C. R. Bertram 9. The social function of intellect N. K. Humphrey Editorial: 4 Part III. Development: Editorial: 5 10. The place of genetics in the study of behaviour Aubrey Manning 11. Stages in the early behavioural development of altricial young of selected species of non-primate mammals Jay S. Rosenblatt 12. The study of animal play M. J. A. Simpson 13. Rules and reciprocity in behavioural development P. P. G. Bateson Editorial: 6 Part IV. Human Social Relationships: Editorial: 7 14. Growing points in human ethology: another link between ethology and the social sciences? N.G. Blurton Jones 15. Towards understanding relationships: dynamic stability R. A. Hinde and Joan Stevenson-Hinde 16. How far do early differences in mother-child relations affect later development? Judy Dunn 17. Does ethology throw any light on human behaviour? Peter B. Medawar 18. Ethology in a changing world N. Tinbergen Editorial: 8 Conclusion - on asking the right questions Index.

Growing Points in Ethology

Nine chapters on diverse topics that include: an analysis of whether sociobiology has killed ethology or revitalized it; aims, limitations, and the future of ethology and comparative ethology; the tyranny of anthropocentrism; psychoimmunology; gender differences in behavior; behavioral development.

Perspectives in Ethology

At an early age many birds will respond socially to a wide variety of objects which need bear no resemblance to their own species. After responding to one of these objects, however, a bird may develop a preference for it and eventually reject the others. Although many responses become restricted to the stimuli which first elicited them, the development of social preferences in birds provides a particularly striking example, which has been extensively studied; so much so, indeed, that the processes by which other preferences and habits are acquired are frequently classified by their likeness to it. This process which restricts social preferences to a specific class of objects is generally referred to as ' imprinting'. Widespread attention was first drawn to imprinting by Lorenz (1935), although its effects had been described long before (cf. Gray 1963), notably by Spalding (1873) and Heinroth (1911). Lorenz emphasized the importance of its role in mate selection and argued that imprinting differs fundamentally from other learning processes. His views have both stimulated and dominated much of the subsequent research; however, they have not gone unquestioned (e.g. Moltz, 1960; Sluckin & Salzen, 1961; Fabricius, 1962; Hinde, 1962) and in recent years the status of imprinting has become increasingly ill-defined. The primary object of this article, therefore, is to reconsider the characteristics of imprinting and the ways in which they have been interpreted. Most investigators have used nidifugous birds which are feathered at hatching and able to walk shortly afterwards. These birds are capable of actively closing the distance between themselves and their parent when separated from her and will

Patrick Bateson

Papers

Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide

Developmental plasticity and human health.

Growing Points in Ethology

Perspectives in Ethology

The characteristics and context of imprinting.