Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings : A review

In this paper, we review the emerging challenges and research opportunities for voltage control in smart grids. For transmission grids, the voltage control for accommodating wind and solar power, fault-induced delayed voltage recovery, and measurement-based Thevenin equivalent for voltage stability analysis are reviewed. For distribution grids, the impact of high penetration of distributed energy resources is analyzed, typical control strategies are reviewed, and the challenges for local inverter Volt–Var control is discussed. In addition, the motivation, state-of-the-art, and future directions of the coordination of transmission system operators (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO) are also thoroughly discussed.

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Review of Challenges and Research Opportunities for Voltage Control in Smart Grids

https://research.aalto.fi/files/6557589/salpakari_lund_optimal_and_rule_based_control_APEN_2016.pdf

Optimal and rule-based control strategies for energy flexibility in buildings with PV

Demand-side management (DSM) has a crucial role in the attainment of sustainable energy that aims to optimize the energy utilization and mitigate emissions Hence, DSM enhances the flexibility in the power system operation and facilitates low carbon transition in the electricity generation Recently, the conventional terminology and strategies of DSM have been reformed to match with deregulation of energy environment Furthermore, the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) as well as the advent of smart grids have diversified the techniques and methods of DSM This paper aggregates the expressions and methodologies about DSM subjects used by the literature and presents explicit definitions of the relevant concepts In contrast with other review papers in DSM arena, this paper proposes a novel theoretical framework which aims to unify the terminology, concepts, and modalities associated with the literature A comprehensive categorization of DSM strategies is presented, the scopes are clarified, and the relevant modalities are explicated to attain the unequivocalness in terminology The evolution of DSM as well as state of the art concepts are considered in the organization of this paper Moreover, the methods of DSM are reviewed under the paradigms applied in the accomplished classification

A review of demand-side management: Reconsidering theoretical framework

Community energy storage: A smart choice for the smart grid?

Increasing shares of intermittent power sources such as solar and wind will require biomass fueled generation more variable to respond to the increasing volatility of supply and demand. Furthermore, renewable energy sources will need to provide ancillary services. Biogas plants with excess generator capacity and gas storages can adapt the unit commitment to the demand and the market prices, respectively. This work presents a method of day-ahead unit commitment of biogas plants with excess generator capacity and gas storage participating in short-term electricity and control reserve markets. A biogas plant with 0.6 MW annual average electric output is examined in a case study under German market conditions. For this biogas plant different sizes of the power units and the gas storage are compared in consideration of costs and benefits of installing excess capacity. For optimal decisions depending on prices, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach is presented. The results show that earnings of biogas plants in electricity markets are increased by additional supplying control reserve. Furthermore, increasing the installed capacity from 0.6 MW to 1 MW (factor 1.7) leads to the best cost–benefit-ratio in consideration of additional costs of excess capacity and additional market revenues. However, the result of the cost–benefit-analysis of installing excess capacity is still negative. Considering the EEG flexibility premium, introduced in 2012 in the German renewable energy sources act, the result of the cost–benefit-analysis is positive. The highest profit is achieved with an increase of the installed capacity from 0.6 MW to 2 MW (factor 3.3).

Optimizing biogas plants with excess power unit and storage capacity in electricity and control reserve markets

Flexible electricity tariffs: Power and energy price signals designed for a smarter grid

Due to the rising energy prices and the decreasing production costs of photovoltaic systems and accumulators, the use of energy storage in private households will inevitably become more and more attractive. If their mode of operation is only focused on maximizing the owner's self-sufficiency such storage does not improve the overall system. In this paper, a capacity-dependent tariff which is added to the retail prices is proposed, as an incentive for a grid-benefiting storage operation. The advantages compared to an uncoordinated storage operating mode are investigated. In particular, it can be demonstrated how extreme residual loads are reduced and the overall load profile of the household is smoothed by the use of an optimized storage. The annual cost savings for a private household as a result of the chosen energy price structure are shown as well.

Capacity-dependent tariffs and residential energy management for photovoltaic storage systems

In this paper a novel co-simulation is developed, to study the dynamic exchange of reactive power from a distribution grid to the transmission grid. This exchange is performed under a regulatory scheme. In particular, a distribution grid optimizer signals to the transmission grid the available reactive power interval at the distribution/transmission nodes every 15 minutes. A transmission grid optimizer uses this information to compute a reactive power set point, to stabilize the voltage in the transmission grid. The distribution grid optimizer receives this set point and translates it into settings for transformers and renewable generators. This strategy is tested on a running grid simulation, with the tools working in parallel. It is shown that the voltage in the transmission grid can be improved, but at the cost of power losses in the distribution grid and renewable generators.

Patrick Hochloff

Papers

Optimizing biogas plants with excess power unit and storage capacity in electricity and control reserve markets

Flexible electricity tariffs: Power and energy price signals designed for a smarter grid

Capacity-dependent tariffs and residential energy management for photovoltaic storage systems

Analysis of a reactive power exchange between distribution and transmission grids