1. The mechanism of the anti-nutritive activities of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in broiler diets was investigated with emphasis on the inter-relationship between viscosity and fermentation along the gut. Isolated soluble NSP were added to a control diet to effect high gut viscosity, and in vivo depolymerisation of the NSP was achieved using a commercial glycanase. 2. Addition of soluble NSPs significantly (P < 0.01) increased gut viscosity, reduced the AME of the diet and depressed the growth and FCE of the birds. Enzyme supplementation of the NSP-enriched diet reversed the adverse effects, increasing (P < 0.01) weight gain, FCE and AME. Comparisons of the viscosities (mPa) in birds fed on the NSP-enriched diet and the same diet supplemented with enzyme were respectively: 11.9 v. 2.3 in the duodenum; 78.3 v. 4.4 in the jejunum and 409.3 v. 10.8 in the ileum. 3. Caecal volatile fatty acid concentration was markedly (P < 0.01) elevated by enzyme supplementation, whereas ileal fermentation was inhibited. 4. Microscopic examination revealed that, among birds fed on the NSP-enriched diet, there had been extensive small intestinal fermentation, which was eliminated by the enzyme supplementation. 5. Addition of a synthetic antibiotic (Amoxil) had no beneficial effects. 6. The current study demonstrated that increased fermentation occurs in the small intestine when a large amount of viscous NSPs is present in the diet and this is detrimental to the performance and well-being of poultry.

Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti‐nutritive activity of non‐starch polysaccharides in chickens

Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols

Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo

Rationalizing the selection of oral lipid based drug delivery systems by an in vitro dynamic lipolysis model for improved oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.

Fats, oils or lipids consist of a large number of organic compounds including fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols (TGs), phospholipids (PLs), eicosanoids, resolvins, docosanoids, sterols, sterol esters, carotenoids, vitamin A and E, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons and wax esters. Classically, lipids were defined as substances that are soluble in organic solvents. This is a loose definition and could include a number of non-lipid organic compounds. A novel definition and comprehensive system of classification of lipids were proposed in 2005 [Fahy et al., 2005]. The novel definition is chemically based and defines lipids as small hydrophobic or amphipathic (or amphiphilic) molecules that may originate entirely or in part by condensations of thioesters and/or isoprene units. The proposed lipid classification system enables the cataloguing of lipids and their properties in a way that is compatible with other macromolecular data bases. Using this approach, lipids from biological tissues have been divided into 8 categories, as shown in table 1 . Each category contains distinct classes and subclasses of molecules [Fahy et al., 2005]. Published online: September 15, 2009

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Fat and fatty acid terminology, methods of analysis and fat digestion and metabolism: a background review paper.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses gastrointestinal digestion and lipid absorption. It also discusses the various experimental models proposed to study the various aspects of the complex processes involved in the absorption and transport of dietary lipids. The chapter presents the role of microtubules. The importance of microtubules and microfilaments in intestinal lipid absorption has been based on ultrastructural studies and drug studies utilizing agents that are known to interfere with microtubular function. Ultrastructural studies have repeatedly demonstrated the presence of microtubules and microfilaments in the proximity of intracellular structures assumed to be important in the formation of chylomicrons. One theory proposed is that the microtubular system may direct secretory vesicles to specific recognition sites on the cell membrane. The other evidence for the role of microtubules in lipid absorption has been derived from investigations using either colchicine or vincristine, two known inhibitors of microtubular assembly.

Patrick Tso

Papers

Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption of lipid.

Stimulation of intestinal secretion of apolipoprotein AI by triiodothyronine.