Confirmation bias, as the term is typically used in the psychological literature, connotes the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a h...

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Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises:

Much research in the last two decades has demon- strated that human responses deviate from the performance deemed normative according to various models of decision mak- ing and rational judgment (e.g., the basic axioms of utility theory). This gap between the normative and the descriptive can be inter- preted as indicating systematic irrationalities in human cognition. However, four alternative interpretations preserve the assumption that human behavior and cognition is largely rational. These posit that the gap is due to (1) performance errors, (2) computational limitations, (3) the wrong norm being applied by the experi- menter, and (4) a different construal of the task by the subject. In the debates about the viability of these alternative explanations, attention has been focused too narrowly on the modal response. In a series of experiments involving most of the classic tasks in the heuristics and biases literature, we have examined the implica- tions of individual differences in performance for each of the four explanations of the normative/descriptive gap. Performance er- rors are a minor factor in the gap; computational limitations un- derlie non-normative responding on several tasks, particularly those that involve some type of cognitive decontextualization. Un- expected patterns of covariance can suggest when the wrong norm is being applied to a task or when an alternative construal of the task should be considered appropriate.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0140525X00003435

Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?

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The concept of mind

Naming and necessity

Knowledge and the Flow of Information.

Paul K. Moser, Loyola University of Chicago: Introduction 1: Robert K. Shope, University of Massachusetts, Boston: Conditions and Analyses of Knowing 2: Robert Audi, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: The Sources of Knowledge 3: Albert Casullo, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: A Priori Knowledge 4: Alvin I. Goldman, Rutgers University: The Sciences and Epistemology 5: Richard Foley, New York University: Conceptual Diversity in Epistemology 6: Richard Fumerton, University of Iowa: Theories of Justification 7: Laurence BonJour, University of Washington, Seattle: Internalism and Externalism 8: Ernst Sosa, Brown University and Rutgers University: Tracking, Competence, and Knowledge 9: John Greco, Fordham University: Virtues in Epistemology 10: John Heil, Davidson College: Mind and Knowledge 11: Peter Klein, Rutgers University: Skepticism 12: Richard Feldman, University of Rochester: Epistemological Duties 13: Philip Kitcher, Columbia University: Scientific Knowledge 14: William G. Lycan, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Explanation and Epistemology 15: Mark Kaplan, Indiana University: Decision Theory and Epistemology 16: Louise M. Antony, Ohio State University: Embodiment and Epistemology 17: Noah Lemos, De Pauw University: Epistemology and Ethics 18: Philip L. Quinn, University of Notre Dame: Epistemology in Philosophy of Religion 19: Roy Sorensen, Dartmouth College: Formal Problems about Knowledge 20: Paul K. Moser, Loyola University of Chicago: Bibliography on Epistemology

The Oxford handbook of epistemology

Acknowedgments Introduction 1 Conditions for propositional knowledge 2 Minimal epistemic reasons 3 Justifying epistemic reasons 4 Foundationalism and some alternatives 5 Procedural epistemic rationality 6 Propositional knowledge References Index

Paul K. Moser

Papers

The Oxford handbook of epistemology

Knowledge and Evidence

Warrant: The Current Debate

Knowledge and Evidence.

The Theory of Epistemic Rationality.