หนงสอเรอง การออกแบบการวจย: วธการวจยเชงคณภาพ วธการวจยเชงปรมาณ และวธการวจยแบบผสม (Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches) เปนหนงสอทเรยบเรยงเพออธบายเกยวกบความแตกตางของกระบวนทศนการวจยทง 2 แบบ ไดแก การวจย เชงปรมาณ และการวจยเชงคณภาพ และความจำเปนของประเดนปญหาการวจยทตองนำกระบวนทศนทง 2 มารวมกนหาขอคนพบเพอนำไปสผลการวจยทสามารถนำผลการวจยไปใชประโยชนไดอยางจรงมากยงขน เรยกวา “การวจยแบบผสมผสาน” ซงเปนหนงสอทอธบายวธการวจยทง 2 ประเภทไดอยางชดเจน และการรวมกนของกระบวนทศนการวจยทง 2 แบบอยางลงตว

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches

Many current neurophysiological, psychophysical, and psychological approaches to vision rest on the idea that when we see, the brain produces an internal representation of the world. The activation of this internal representation is assumed to give rise to the experience of seeing. The problem with this kind of approach is that it leaves unexplained how the existence of such a detailed internal representation might produce visual consciousness. An alternative proposal is made here. We propose that seeing is a way of acting. It is a particular way of exploring the environment. Activity in internal representations does not generate the experience of seeing. The outside world serves as its own, external, representation. The experience of seeing occurs when the organism masters what we call the governing laws of sensorimotor contingency. The advantage of this approach is that it provides a natural and principled way of accounting for visual consciousness, and for the differences in the perceived quality of sensory experience in the different sensory modalities. Several lines of empirical evidence are brought forward in support of the theory, in particular: evidence from experiments in sensorimotor adaptation, visual \"filling in,\" visual stability despite eye movements, change blindness, sensory substitution, and color perception.

A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness-Authors' Response-Acting out our sensory experience

Governing the Commons

Health At A Glance

Consumer-wearable activity trackers are electronic devices used for monitoring fitness- and other health-related metrics. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence for validity and reliability of popular consumer-wearable activity trackers (Fitbit and Jawbone) and their ability to estimate steps, distance, physical activity, energy expenditure, and sleep. Searches included only full-length English language studies published in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar through July 31, 2015. Two people reviewed and abstracted each included study. In total, 22 studies were included in the review (20 on adults, 2 on youth). For laboratory-based studies using step counting or accelerometer steps, the correlation with tracker-assessed steps was high for both Fitbit and Jawbone (Pearson or intraclass correlation coefficients (CC) > =0.80). Only one study assessed distance for the Fitbit, finding an over-estimate at slower speeds and under-estimate at faster speeds. Two field-based studies compared accelerometry-assessed physical activity to the trackers, with one study finding higher correlation (Spearman CC 0.86, Fitbit) while another study found a wide range in correlation (intraclass CC 0.36–0.70, Fitbit and Jawbone). Using several different comparison measures (indirect and direct calorimetry, accelerometry, self-report), energy expenditure was more often under-estimated by either tracker. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency were over-estimated and wake after sleep onset was under-estimated comparing metrics from polysomnography to either tracker using a normal mode setting. No studies of intradevice reliability were found. Interdevice reliability was reported on seven studies using the Fitbit, but none for the Jawbone. Walking- and running-based Fitbit trials indicated consistently high interdevice reliability for steps (Pearson and intraclass CC 0.76–1.00), distance (intraclass CC 0.90–0.99), and energy expenditure (Pearson and intraclass CC 0.71–0.97). When wearing two Fitbits while sleeping, consistency between the devices was high. This systematic review indicated higher validity of steps, few studies on distance and physical activity, and lower validity for energy expenditure and sleep. The evidence reviewed indicated high interdevice reliability for steps, distance, energy expenditure, and sleep for certain Fitbit models. As new activity trackers and features are introduced to the market, documentation of the measurement properties can guide their use in research settings.

https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/x059c966j

Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers

Design has enormous potential to affect people’s
health and wellbeing. One way to improve staff and
patient experiences of healthcare services and
environments is to use participatory, or co-design
approaches. However, the issue is that participatory
design projects are often described as taking place in
“greenhouse settings”, shielded from the time
constraints of everyday work, where workers are
given time off their everyday duties to participate in
design improvement projects typically in intensive
face to face sessions. The challenge therefore, is
this: in today’s economic climate with the time and
financial pressures facing healthcare staff in a busy,
stressful environment, how can staff and patients be
engaged in extended participatory design
improvement projects at the minimum cost but with
the maximum benefit? This paper describes a
yearlong participatory design research exercise
which is underway to improve the physical
environment of a busy UK hospital Emergency
Department.

Participatory design fit for the 21st century : improving the design of an emergency department in a UK hospital

Many dementia-friendly social programs were adapted to online delivery due to the COVID pandemic. Hasty adaptations make it unclear how to design these programs to capture the benefits of online delivery and face-to-face interactions. To understand the complexities of program delivery, we interviewed program coordinators and held focus groups with people living with dementia (PLWD) and their informal carers. We applied an interdependence framework to examine how the relationships between individuals affect program benefits. We found that interdependencies within an organization related to finances and networking are key and that organizational and individual interdependencies converge during program delivery. Our findings suggest these two interdependencies could influence one another more effectively if technology, like video conferencing, were designed to account for it. We discuss how an expanded notion of interdependency for the design of technology helps expand inclusivity in accessible social programs.

“Just like meeting in person” - Examination of interdependencies in dementia-friendly virtual activities.

Understanding artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) approaches is becoming increasingly important for people with a wide range of professional backgrounds. However, it is unclear how ML concepts can be effectively explained as part of human-centred and multidisciplinary design processes. We provide a qualitative account of how AI researchers explained and non-experts perceived ML concepts as part of a co-design project that aimed to inform the design of ML applications for diabetes self-care. We identify benefits and challenges of explaining ML concepts with analogical narratives, information visualisations, and publicly available videos. Co-design participants reported not only gaining an improved understanding of ML concepts but also highlighted challenges of understanding ML explanations, including misalignments between scientific models and their lived self-care experiences and individual information needs. We frame our findings through the lens of Stars and Griesemer’s concept of boundary objects to discuss how the presentation of user-centred ML explanations could strike a balance between being plastic and robust enough to support design objectives and people’s individual information needs.

/pdf/machine-learning-explanations-as-boundary-objects-how-ai-54kod4lmbd.pdf

Machine Learning Explanations as Boundary Objects: How AI Researchers Explain and Non-Experts Perceive Machine Learning

If the real world becomes the user interface, in what ways can we use it to create new forms of interaction? We are interested in how novel technologies might be used to support learning, specifically in the cognitive benefits of using one kind of interface or another. Two approaches that have been taken are the tangibles approach, where objects in the real world can be digitally augmented and manipulated to produce digital effects, and sensorbased interaction, where people in the real world can be identified and tracked, and serve as the trigger themselves for digital events to take place. From a technical perspective these two approaches have much in common: sensors are used to track the location or state of an object or person, and this information is used to send information relevant to that state or location. However, the benefit in terms of users’ understanding of these systems is as yet unclear.

/pdf/exploiting-physicality-linking-action-and-effect-qrkhe0noee.pdf

Exploiting Physicality: linking action and effect

REG: They've bled us white, the bastards. They've taken everything we had, and not just from us, from our fathers, and from our fathers' fathers. LORETTA: And from our fathers' fathers' fathers. REG: Yeah. LORETTA: And from our fathers' fathers' fathers' fathers. REG: Yeah. All right, Stan. Don't labour the point. And what have they ever given us in return? XERXES: The aqueduct? The Life of Brian, 1979.

Paul Marshall

Papers

Participatory design fit for the 21st century : improving the design of an emergency department in a UK hospital

“Just like meeting in person” - Examination of interdependencies in dementia-friendly virtual activities.

Machine Learning Explanations as Boundary Objects: How AI Researchers Explain and Non-Experts Perceive Machine Learning

Exploiting Physicality: linking action and effect

What have artists ever done for UbiComp