Paul R. Julian

TL;DR: In this paper, a very pronounced maximum was noted in the co-spectrum of the 850- and 150-mb zonal wind components in the frequency range 0.0245-0.0190 day−1 (41-53 days period).

TL;DR: In this article, a long time series (5-10 years) of station pressure and upper air data from stations located in the tropics are subjected to spectral and cross-spectral analysis to investigate the spatial extent of a previously detected oscillation in various variables with a period range of 40-50 days.

TL;DR: The 40-50-day cyclone oscillation is the result of large-scale circulation cells oriented in the equatorial plane that move eastward from at least the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: A major accomplishment of the recently completed Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program was the development of an ocean observing system to support seasonal-to-interannual climate studies.

TL;DR: A survey of the literature dating back to the early 1920's along with some appropriate statistical studies delineate an atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon of considerable interest as mentioned in this paper, which is known as the Southern Oscillation.