Presentamos una lista anotada e informacion historica sobre la presencia de especies de mamiferos introducidas en el territorio colombiano a partir de informacion bibliografica y observaciones realizadas en diversos sectores del pais. Un total de 62 especies exoticas se encuentran actualmente y son empleadas para diferentes fines, entre los que se destaca el uso alimenticio y el ornamental. De estas, 16 se encuentran establecidas en el territorio nacional, la mayoria se utiliza para actividades economicas o como mascotas y seis se encuentran listadas entre las 100 especies exoticas invasoras mas daninas del mundo ya que causan impacto negativo sobre la diversidad biologica y/o las actividades economicas humanas. En Colombia existen dos periodos de ingreso de especies exoticas: el prehispanico y el colonial, este ultimo fue el de mayor impacto ya que se introdujeron 13 de las 16 especies establecidas en el pais. Resaltamos la necesidad del desarrollo de investigaciones sobre los efectos de la introduccion de mamiferos, manejo y control de especies exoticas invasoras en el pais.

Historia de las especies de mamíferos exóticos en colombia

Summary Latin square designs are often employed in animal experiments to minimize the number of animals required to detect statistical differences. Generally, potential carryover effects are not balanced out by randomization. Systemic methods are available for equalizing the residual effects. We have developed an Excel ® spreadsheet-based program, the Balanced Latin Square Designer (BLSD), to facilitate the generation of Latin squares balanced for carryover effects. The program allows a user to input the number of treatments that is equal to the number of animals and periods in a square. A user may also input the number of squares. Then, the BLSD automatically generates Latin squares balanced for the first order carryover effects. For an even number of treatments, each treatment immediately precedes and follows every other treatment exactly once in the square. For Latin squares with an odd number of treatments, the first order residual effects can be balanced only if they are replicated an even number of times. The program also displays a table for an experimental schedule sorted by period and animal. The BLSD allows animal scientists to quickly and accurately generate Latin squares balanced for the first order carryover effects. The program is freely available upon request.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3045946.pdf

Revista Colombiana de

Sheep are one of the most important domestic species worldwide due to their productive and reproductive potential. Therefore, identifying the best animals with productive characteristics of economic interest is the main goal in flock breeding programs. However, in most of Latin American countries, animal selection is inefficient due to subjective selection and the complex nature of these characteristics; given their quantitative nature, their expression involves the interaction of multiple genes with the environment. Currently, due to the advances in new sequencing, genotyping, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) technologies, it has been possible to identify numerous variations in the DNA of animals, mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that can be found in genes that affect the expression of traits of economic interest. This review presents the progress in implementing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Latin America, their use in sheep production systems, and the results obtained in productive, reproductive, functional, or quality traits.

/pdf/estudios-de-asociacion-genomica-en-ovinos-de-america-latina-3pojaz63i3.pdf

Estudios de asociación genómica en ovinos de América Latina. Revisión

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an economically important livestock species. This study presents a molecular characterization of the Cuban water buffalo population on the basis of 16 bovine-specifi c microsatellite markers. The mean number of alleles across the 16 loci was 5.44, and the largest number of alleles for a locus was nine for the ETH225 marker and fewest alleles were two for the TGLA126 marker. Observed average heterozygosity was 0.46 ± 0.23 and expected heterozygosity was 0.54 ± 0.19. The overall polymorphic information content (PIC) value for these markers was 0.495. The observed value of inbreeding coeffi cient (F IS ) was of 0.148 and three loci were with signifi cant reduction of heterozygosity (ETH3, HAUT24 and INRA032). Four loci were not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with a signifi cant defi cit heterozygote (ETH3, CSRM60, HAUT24 and INRA032).

Genetic characterization of the Cuban water buffalo population using microsatellite DNA markers.

The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity among 17 Turkish water buffalo populations. A total of 837 individuals from 17 provincial populations were genotyped, using 20 microsatellites markers. The microsatellite markers analyzed were highly polymorphic with a mean number of alleles of (7.28) ranging from 6 (ILSTS005) to 17 (ETH003). The mean observed and expected heterozygosity values across all polymorphic loci in all studied buffalo populations were 0.61 and 0.70, respectively. Observed heterozygosity varied from 0.55 (Bursa (BUR)) to 0.70 (Mus (MUS)). It was lower than expected heterozygosity in most of the populations indicating a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The overall value for the polymorphic information content of noted microsatellite loci was 0.655, indicating their suitability for genetic diversity analysis in buffalo. The mean FIS value was 0.091 and all loci were observed significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), most likely based on non-random breeding. The 17 buffalo populations were genetically less diverse as indicated by a small mean FST value (0.032 ± 0.018). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis indicated that about 2% of the total genetic diversity was clarified by population distinctions and 88 percent corresponded to differences among individuals. The information produced by this study can be used to establish a base of national conservation and breeding strategy of water buffalo population in Turkey.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/1067/pdf

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Structure of Turkish Water Buffalo Population by Using 20 Microsatellite Markers.

Summary Estimates of genetic diversity provide useful information on the genetic structure of animal populations, useful for the design of improvement strategies to impact traits of economic interest. They can also be used for implementing conservation and restoration policies regarding the sustainable use of genetic resources. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic structure of buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis) in the most representative Colombian provinces by using 10 microsatellite markers. A total of 588 individuals were sampled from 12 buffalo herds. The MGTG7 and ETH225 microsatellites were monomorphic. Eighty seven alleles were observed for all the loci. The average number of alleles was 10.9 ± 3.6 and the effective average number of alleles was 3.9 ± 1.4. The PIC values ranged between 0.5 and 0.8, and the probability of exclusion over all loci was over 99.99%. The highest value for the Ho population was 0.68, and the lowest was 0.60. The GST value for the total loci was 0.062, indicating a very low level of genetic structure among subpopulations. Values for genetic distance between populations and racial groups were very low, suggesting there is still a genetic mix within buffalo herds in the analyzed population. Key words: genetic structure, microsatellites, paternity test. Resumen Las estimaciones de diversidad genetica del bufalo en Colombia proveen informacion util para conocer su estructura genetica, disenar programas de cria y mejoramiento genetico para caracteristicas de interes economico, e implementar politicas de conservacion para la utilizacion sostenible y restauracion de los recursos geneticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y determinar la estructura genetica de la poblacion bufalina (Bubalus bubalis) en las provincias (Departamentos) Colombianos mas representativos, por medio de 10 marcadores microsatelites. Se muestrearon 588 individuos de 12 hatos bufalinos de Colombia. Los microsatelites ETH225 y MGTG7 fueron monomorficos. Se observo un total de 87 alelos para el total de los loci, el numero de alelos observados promedio fue de 10.9 ± 3.6 y el numero efectivo de alelos promedio fue de 3.9 ± 1.4. Los valores de PIC variaron entre 0.5 y 0.8, y la probabilidad de exclusion sobre todos los loci fue superior al 99.99%. El valor mas alto de Ho por poblacion fue de 0.68 y el mas bajo 0.60. El valor promedio de GST para el total de los loci en la poblacion total de bufalos fue de 0.062, indicando un grado muy bajo de estructura genetica entre las subpoblaciones. Los valores de distancia genetica fueron muy bajos entre poblaciones y entre grupos raciales, lo cual indica que aun existe una alta mezcla genetica en los hatos bufalinos en Colombia. Palabras clave: estructura genetica, microsatelites, pruebas de paternidad. Resumo Os estimativos de diversidade genetica de bufalos na Colombia sao parâmetros muito importantes para conhecer a estrutura genetica desta populacao. Com este conhecimento pode-se desenhar de forma adequada cruzamentos e programas de melhoramento genetico para caracteristicas de importância economica. Alem disto, serve para por em pratica politicas de conservacao sustentavel no uso dos recursos geneticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e determinar a estrutura genetica da populacao dos bufalos (Bubalus bubalis) nos estados mais representativos da Colombia, utilizando 10 marcadores microsatelites. Amostraram-se 588 individuos em 12 fazendas dedicadas a producao de bufalo. Os microsatelites MGTG7 e ETH225 foram monomorficos. Encontraram-se um total de 87 alelos, o numero medio de alelos por locus foi 10.9 ± 3.6 e o numero medio de alelos efetivos foi 3.9 ± 1.4. Os valores de PIC estiveram entre 0.5 e 0.8, e a probabilidade de exclusao de todos os loci foi superior a 99.99%. O maior valor da Ho foi 0.68 e o menor 0.60. O valor do Gst para a populacao total foi 0.062 indicando uma baixa estrutura genetica entre as subpopulacoes. Os valores de distancia geneticos entre as diferentes populacoes de bufalos na Colombia foram muito baixas indicando que existe uma alta mistura. Palavras chave: estrutura genetica, microsatelites, teste de paternidade.

/pdf/analysis-of-genetic-diversity-in-colombian-buffalo-herds-40c5lcgmck.pdf

Analysis of genetic diversity in Colombian buffalo herds

Summary The Senepol beef cattle breed was introduced into Colombia through the use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer from a small nucleus of animals. Objective : to estimate the genetic variability of Senepol cattle in Colombia by heterologous microsatellites and to estimate gene and genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphic markers through calpastatin (CAST1), calpain (CALP316), and leptin (PB) genes. Methods : 412 blood samples from 28 herds were genotyped for population genetic structure with the STR: INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126, and TGLA122 microsatellite markers. Three SNPs of calpastatin, calpain, and leptin genes were used. Results : all microsatellites and SNP markers were polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged from 4 (BM1824) to 11 (INRA37), and the observed heterozygosity varied between 0.21 (INRA64) and 0.89 (BM2113). Combined probability of exclusion for the microsatellites was higher than 99.99%, indicating the usefulness of this set of markers for parentage testing in Senepol. Conclusions : despite being a small and closed population, this nucleus presents high genetic variability and low inbreeding. Key words : beef cattle, genetic diversity, genetic structure, microsatellite marker. Resumen El ganado Senepol fue introducido en Colombia mediante el uso de la inseminacion artificial y transferencia de embriones de un pequeno nucleo de los animales. Objetivo : estimar la variabilidad genetica del ganado Senepol de Colombia por medio de marcadores microsatelites y estimar las frecuencias alelicas y genotipicas de SNPs en los genes que codifican para la calpastatina (CAST1), calpaina (CALP316) y leptina (PB). M etodos : 412 muestras de sangre de animales pertenecientes a 28 fincas fueron analizados para los STRs: INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126 y TGLA122 y los tres SNPs. Resultados : los microsatelites y los SNPs fueron polimorficos. El numero de alelos de los microsatelites variaron entre 4 (BM1824) y 11 (INRA37), la heterocigosidad observada vario entre 0.21 (INRA64) y 0.89 (BM2113). La probabilidad de exclusion para el total de microsatelites fue mayor que 99.99%, indicando que el conjunto de microsatelites pueden ser usados para pruebas de filiacion. Conclusiones : a pesar de ser una poblacion pequena y cerrada, este nucleo presenta una alta variabilidad genetica y baja consanguinidad. Palabras clave : diversidad genetica, estructura genetica, ganado carne, marcadores microsatelites. Resumo O gado Senepol foi introduzido na Colombia mediante o uso da inseminacao artificial e a transferencia de embrioes de um nucleo pequeno de animais. Objetivo : estimar a variabilidade genetica do gado Senepol da Colombia mediante marcadores microsatelites e estimar as frequencias alelicas e genotipicas dos SNPs dos genes de calpastatina (CAST1), calpaina (CALP316) e leptina (PB). Metodos : 412 amostras de sangue de animais pertencentes a 28 rebanhos foram analisadas para os STRs INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126 e TGLA122 e os tres SNPs. Resultados : os microsatelites e os SNPs foram polimorficos. O numero de alelos dos microsatelites variaram entre 4 (BM1824) e 11 (INRA37), a heterocigosidade observada variou entre 0,21 (INRA64) e 0,89 (BM2113). A probabilidade de exclusao para o total de microsatelites polimorficos foi maior que 99.99%, indicando que o conjunto de microsatelites podem ser usados para testes de filiacao. Conclusoes : embora seja uma populacao pequena e fechada, o nucleo apresenta uma alta variabilidade genetica e baixa consanguinidade. Palavras chave : diversidade genetica, estrutura genetica, gado de corte, marcadores microsatelites.

/pdf/genetic-variability-of-senepol-cattle-in-colombia-using-22wxpdm1ka.pdf

Genetic variability of Senepol cattle in Colombia using molecular markers

Genetic improvement evaluates and uses genetic variation to maintain and improve quality and quantity of animal production. The identification of high genetic merit animals is complicated by the fact that most traits of economic importance, being quantitative in nature, has controlled continuous variations which several genes interact with the environment. The aim of this paper was to review on the application of genomics in animal production for different characteristics associated with both milk and meat production and the current availability of tools of molecular genetics and genomics to predict more precision breeding values of animals from birth, decreasing the generation interval and increasing the intensity of selection.

/pdf/genomica-en-la-produccion-animal-1qmdi6b3z4.pdf

Genómica en la producción animal

Summary The Senepol beef cattle breed was introduced into Colombia through the use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer from a small nucleus of animals. Objective: to estimate the genetic variability of Senepol cattle in Colombia by heterologous microsatellites and to estimate gene and genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphic markers through calpastatin (CAST1), calpain (CALP316), and leptin (PB) genes. Methods: 412 blood samples from 28 herds were genotyped for population genetic structure with the STR: INRA32, BM2113, ETH10, BM1824, INRA037, ETH225, INRA064, SPS115, TGLA126, and TGLA122 microsatellite markers. Three SNPs of calpastatin, calpain, and leptin genes were used. Results: all microsatellites and SNP markers were polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged from 4 (BM1824) to 11 (INRA37), and the observed heterozygosity varied between 0.21 (INRA64) and 0.89 (BM2113). Combined probability of exclusion for the microsatellites was higher than 99.99%, indicating the usefulness of this set of markers for parentage testing in Senepol. Conclusions: despite being a small and closed population, this nucleus presents high genetic variability and low inbreeding.

/pdf/variabilidade-genetica-de-gado-senepol-na-colombia-por-1u4948hrqc.pdf

Variabilidade genética de gado Senepol na Colômbia por marcadores moleculares

Summary Estimates of genetic diversity provide useful information on the genetic structure of animal populations, useful for the design of improvement strategies to impact traits of economic interest. They can also be used for implementing conservation and restoration policies regarding the sustainable use of genetic resources. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic structure of buffalo population (Bubalus bubalis) in the most representative Colombian provinces by using 10 microsatellite markers. A total of 588 individuals were sampled from 12 buffalo herds. The MGTG7 and ETH225 microsatellites were monomorphic. Eighty seven alleles were observed for all the loci. The average number of alleles was 10.9 ± 3.6 and the effective average number of alleles was 3.9 ± 1.4. The PIC values ranged between 0.5 and 0.8, and the probability of exclusion over all loci was over 99.99%. The highest value for the Ho population was 0.68, and the lowest was 0.60. The G ST value for the total loci was 0.062, indicating a very low level of genetic structure among subpopulations. Values for genetic distance between populations and racial groups were very low, suggesting there is still a genetic mix within buffalo herds in the analyzed population.

Paula A Ángel-Marín

Papers

Analysis of genetic diversity in Colombian buffalo herds

Genetic variability of Senepol cattle in Colombia using molecular markers

Genómica en la producción animal

Variabilidade genética de gado Senepol na Colômbia por marcadores moleculares

Análise da diversidade genética de búfalos na Colômbia