Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affects climate change and human health. Therefore, the prediction of PM2.5 level is particularly important for regulatory planning. The main objective of the study is to predict PM2.5 concentration employing an artificial neural network (ANN). The annual change in PM2.5 in Liaocheng from 2014 to 2021 shows a gradual decreasing trend. The air quality in Liaocheng during lockdown and after lockdown periods in 2020 was obviously improved compared with the same periods of 2019. The ANN employed in the study contains a hidden layer with 6 neurons, an input layer with 11 parameters, and an output layer. First, the ANN is used with 80% of data for training, then with 10% of data for verification. The value of correlation coefficient (R) for the training and validation data is 0.9472 and 0.9834, respectively. In the forecast period, it is demonstrated that the ANN model with Bayesian regularization (BR) algorithm (trainbr) obtained the best forecasting performance in terms of R (0.9570), mean absolute error (4.6 μg/m3), and root mean square error (6.6 μg/m3), respectively. The ANN model has produced accurate results. These results prove that the ANN is effective in monthly PM2.5 concentration predicting due to the fact that it can identify nonlinear relationships between the input and output variables.

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Prediction of Monthly PM2.5 Concentration in Liaocheng in China Employing Artificial Neural Network

Transformation of road transport sector through replacing of internal combustion vehicles with zero-emission technologies is among key challenges to achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. In a constantly developing economy, the demand for transport services increases to ensure continuity in the supply chain and passenger mobility. Deployment of electric technologies in the road transport sector involves both businesses and households, its pace depends on the technological development of zero-emission vehicles, presence of necessary infrastructure and regulations on emission standards for new vehicles entering the market. Thus, this study attempts to estimate how long combustion vehicles will be in use and what the state of the fleet will be in 2050. For obtainment of results the TR3E partial equilibrium model was used. The study simulates the future fleet structure in passenger and freight transport. The results obtained for Poland for the climate neutrality (NEU) scenario show that in 2050 the share of vehicles using fossil fuels will be ca. 30% in both road passenger and freight transport. The consequence of shifts in the structure of the fleet is the reduction of CO2 emissions ca. 80% by 2050 and increase of the transport demand for electricity and hydrogen.

How Long Will Combustion Vehicles Be Used? Polish Transport Sector on the Pathway to Climate Neutrality

This paper addresses the issue of incorporating rail transport into an urban delivery system. Its main purpose was to identify the possibilities of utilising rail transport in a Zero-emission Urban Delivery System (ZUDS) by applying Light Freight Railway (LFR) electric trains. The study applied the following research methods: literature review, observation, case study, and mathematical computations. In order to estimate the volume of transport external costs reduction resulting from shifting urban deliveries from road to rail transport in the city of Szczecin, the EU methodology was applied to specify the amounts of external costs generated by individual modes and means of transport. The research study showed that application of LFR electric trains makes it possible to significantly reduce external costs generated by transport. Moreover, this solution may have an impact on developing Clean Transport Zones (CTZs) and may also contribute to expansion of the ZUDS. The research study results also provide grounds to conclude that application of the LFR system makes it possible to reduce negative effects generated by Urban Freight Transport (UFT) and to achieve a coherent zero-emission system for handling cargo and passenger flows in cities, which consequently contributes to achieving electromobility goals in transport.

Effects of Incorporating Rail Transport into a Zero-Emission Urban Deliveries System: Application of Light Freight Railway (LFR) Electric Trains

Zooming into mobility to understand cities: A review of mobility-driven urban studies

Circular homes – An energy-water-materials nexus for community climate engagement and action at grassroots level in the built environment

In Poland, the end of the twentieth century was the time of socio-economic transformations. It brought into new regulations in law connected with agriculture, which was devided into private and state sphere for over 40 years. Former state farms, called Panstwowe Gospodarstwa Rolne (PGR), were represtented introduced socialist system in the aspect of the management of rural areas. As a result of changes made after 1989, objective reasons (such as Bad location in relation to the raw material base) and subjective reasons (related to bad or passive management), they were liquidated. The main purpose of the article is to show how to allocate and change in the development of areas of state agriculture in the Lodz region based on a case study. The article also illustrates the distribution and specialization of State-Agricultural Farms, thus it constitutes the first, comprehensive identification of these units in the examined voivodeship. Research methods that were used in the work allowed for an in-depth look at the problem raised. To a large extent, the analysis is based on field inventory and free interviews conducted in selected areas. The necessary research material turned out to be documents that were obtained from the archives of the National Center for Agricultural Support. In the light of the conducted research, it was shown that almost 50% of the resources taken over from former state-owned farms from the Lodz Voivodeship were permanently allocated (mainly through sales). The transformations that have been identified are more of a renewal and adaptation to the functions previously existing in these areas.

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Przemiany w zagospodarowaniu terenów popegeerowskich województwa łódzkiego – studium przypadku

The article presents an assessment of changes in accessibility of key public spaces in Uniejow, on foot and by bicycle, using as an example a foot-bridge on the river Warta. Public spaces are places that fulfil a number of functions in both the economic and the social sphere. Accessibility, which is one of their qualities, is the subject of this study. The method of isochrones was used to show changes in areas of single-family and multifamily housing in chosen time intervals. The study shows how a foot-bridge can be an important element in improving accessibility for public space users.

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Zmiany dostępności pieszej i rowerem kluczowych przestrzeni publicznych w Uniejowie na przykładzie kładki pieszej na Warcie

The article highlights variation in electoral choices of Szadek municipality inhabitants in 2019 parliamentary elections, which had both supranational (to the European Parliament) and national (Polish parliament) character. The electoral choices presented in this study include support for the different parties and election turnout. The aim of the study is to provide answers to the question whether the traditional model of Polish political scene division (interest axis and value axis) is still valid in urban-rural areas characterized by specific historical and cultural features.

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Paulina Kurzyk

Papers

Przemiany w zagospodarowaniu terenów popegeerowskich województwa łódzkiego – studium przypadku

Zmiany dostępności pieszej i rowerem kluczowych przestrzeni publicznych w Uniejowie na przykładzie kładki pieszej na Warcie

Heterogeniczność przestrzenna postaw wyborczych mieszkańców gminy Szadek w wyborach europejskich i parlamentarnych w 2019 roku