http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

A survey on security control and attack detection for industrial cyber-physical systems

The aim of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies and their contribution to industrial control applications. Authors start by addressing various research fields which can exploit the advantages of FPGAs. The features of these devices are then presented, followed by their corresponding design tools. To illustrate the benefits of using FPGAs in the case of complex control applications, a sensorless motor controller has been treated. This controller is based on the Extended Kalman Filter. Its development has been made according to a dedicated design methodology, which is also discussed. The use of FPGAs to implement artificial intelligence-based industrial controllers is then briefly reviewed. The final section presents two short case studies of Neural Network control systems designs targeting FPGAs.

https://hal-centralesupelec.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01337007/document

FPGAs in Industrial Control Applications

The global energy transition towards a carbon neutral society requires a profound transformation of electricity generation and consumption, as well as of electric power systems. Hydrogen has an important potential to accelerate the process of scaling up clean and renewable energy, however its integration in power systems remains little studied. This paper reviews the current progress and outlook of hydrogen technologies and their application in power systems for hydrogen production, re-electrification and storage. The characteristics of electrolysers and fuel cells are demonstrated with experimental data and the deployments of hydrogen for energy storage, power-to-gas, co- and tri-generation and transportation are investigated using examples from worldwide projects. The current techno-economic status of these technologies and applications is presented, in which cost, efficiency and durability are identified as the main critical aspects. This is also confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis of the literature. Finally, conclusions show that continuous efforts on performance improvements, scale ramp-up, technical prospects and political support are required to enable a cost-competitive hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges

Industrial cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are large-scale, geographically dispersed, and life-critical systems, in which lots of sensors and actuators are embedded and networked together to facilitate real-time monitoring and closed-loop control. Their intrinsic features in geographic space and resources put forward to urgent requirements of reliability and scalability for designed filtering or control schemes. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art of distributed filtering and control of industrial CPSs described by differential dynamics models. Special attention is paid to sensor networks, manipulators, and power systems. For real-time monitoring, some typical Kalman-based distributed algorithms are summarized and their performances on calculation burden and communication burden, as well as scalability, are discussed in depth. Then, the characteristics of non-Kalman cases are further disclosed in light of constructed filter structures. Furthermore, the latest development is surveyed for distributed cooperative control of mobile manipulators and distributed model predictive control in industrial automation systems. By resorting to droop characteristics, representative distributed control strategies classified by controller structures are systematically summarized for power systems with the requirements of power sharing and voltage and frequency regulation. In addition, distributed security control of industrial CPSs is reviewed when cyber-attacks are taken into consideration. Finally, some challenges are raised to guide the future research.

/pdf/a-survey-on-model-based-distributed-control-and-filtering-oauddcvar8.pdf

A Survey on Model-Based Distributed Control and Filtering for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper presents an intelligent controller for “load frequency control (LFC)” application in “smart grid (SG)”environment having changes in communication topology (CT) via a multi-agent system (MAS) technology. In this study, network-induced effects, time delay, and change in CT have been addressed to examine the system performance in a closed loop. An event-triggered control method is used to reduce the communication burden in a network. An intelligent controller based on reinforcement learning consists of two levels, estimator agent and controller agent, in each multi-area system. Particle swarm optimization is used to tune the controller parameters. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy and system architecture as MAS for LFC in SG are analyzed in detail, verified for various load conditions and different network configurations. In addition, mean-square error of the power system states with CT is also analyzed. The results of this study validate the feasibility of the proposed control, as well as the capability of the MAS for the operation of LFC in SG with changes in CT.

Distributed Multi-Agent System-Based Load Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power System in Smart Grid

In this paper, the quality of service of communication infrastructure implemented in multiarea power system for load frequency control application is assessed in smart grid environment. In this study, network induced effects time delay, packet loss, bandwidth, quantization, and change in communication topology (CT) has been addressed to examine the system performance in closed loop. Uncertainty in time delay is approximated using deterministic and stochastic models. The network is modeled considering different network configurations, i.e., change in CT. The modeled communication network guarantees control relevant properties, i.e., stability. The decentralized controller and linear matrix inequality-based linear quadratic regulator is implemented to reduce the dynamic performance (mean square error of states variables) of power system as CT changes. Simulation results suggest that the proposed scheme of networked control is superior with respect to other design methods available in the literature, and thus robust to communication imperfections.

Load Frequency Control with Communication Topology Changes in Smart Grid

In this paper, a wind energy conversion system based on a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) topology has been proposed to be used for the grid interface of large split-winding alternators (SWAs). A new method has been suggested for the generation of reference currents for the voltage source inverter (VSI) depending upon the available wind power. The CHBMLI has been used as a VSI and operated in a current control mode in order to achieve the objectives of real power injection and load compensation (power factor correction, load balancing, and harmonic compensation) based on the proposed reference-generation scheme. The field excitation control of SWA provides a single means to vary the dc-link voltages of all the CHBs simultaneously and proportionately. The equal distribution of switching stress and power losses among H-bridge cells, reduction in their power ratings, and high quality of inverter output makes the proposed arrangement more efficient. The closed-loop performance of the VSI has been shown to be adequate and fully achieves the control objectives, i.e., grid interface of distributed energy resource (wind) in addition to load compensation. The simulation studies on the proposed scheme have been obtained through the PSCAD/EMTDC software.

Grid Interface of Wind Power With Large Split-Winding Alternator Using Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

In this paper an approach for designing an optimum gain of Proportional integral derivative (PID) controller subject to Linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints for load frequency regulation of single area and multi-area power system is presented. The LMI based PID control reduces the required control effort while assuring that pre-defined design conditions for dynamic response of system like settling time, overshoot and Integral square error. Further a subset of complex plane with respect to the design conditions is mapped onto a stability region in the coefficient space of the characteristic polynomial. Next, the stability region in the polynomial coefficient space defines LMI as a constraint, which is used to find the optimum gain of PID controllers. A series of simulations results are performed for efficacy of proposed design approach especially for dynamic response of single area and multi-area power system which is superior in comparison to other design method obtained from literature. The simulation results demonstrate that the designed controller can effectively restrain the impact of variation in system parameters and load disturbance.

Improved load frequency control of power system using LMI based PID approach

Bidirectional dc to dc converter is used as a key device for interfacing the storage devices between source and load in renewable energy system for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to change in weather conditions. In electric vehicles also, bidirectional converter is used between energy source and motor for power supply from battery to motor. Thus, bidirectional dc to dc converters are getting more and more attention in academic research and in industrial applications. Bidirectional dc to dc converters work in both buck and boost mode and can manage the flow of power in both the direction between two dc sources and load by using specific switching scheme and phase shifted control strategy and hence generated excess energy can be stored in batteries/super capacitors. Therefore, the basic knowledge and classification of bidirectional dc to dc converters on the basis of galvanic isolation, the comparison between their voltage conversion ratio and output current ripple along with various topologies researched in recent years are presented in this paper. Finally, zero current and zero voltage soft switching schemes and phase shifted controlling techniques are also highlighted.   

/pdf/bidirectional-dc-to-dc-converters-an-overview-of-various-u2elhb9q7g.pdf

Paulson Samuel

Papers

Distributed Multi-Agent System-Based Load Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power System in Smart Grid

Load Frequency Control with Communication Topology Changes in Smart Grid

Grid Interface of Wind Power With Large Split-Winding Alternator Using Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

Improved load frequency control of power system using LMI based PID approach

Bidirectional dc to dc Converters: An Overview of Various Topologies, Switching Schemes and Control Techniques