Categorising tools for sustainability assessment

Climate Change 1995 is a scientific assessment that was generated by more than 1 000 contributors from over 50 nations. It was jointly co-ordinated through two international agencies; the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. The assessment was completed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with a primary aim of reviewing the current state of knowledge concerning the impacts of climate change on physical and ecological systems, human health, and socioeconomic factors. The second aim was to review the available information on the technical and economic feasibility of the potential mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Climate Change 1995

Energy balances are analysed from a life-cycle perspective for biogas systems based on 8 different raw materials. The analysis is based on published data and relates to Swedish conditions. The results show that the energy input into biogas systems (i.e. large-scale biogas plants) overall corresponds to 20–40% (on average approximately 30%) of the energy content in the biogas produced. The net energy output turns negative when transport distances exceed approximately 200 km (manure), or up to 700 km (slaughterhouse waste). Large variations exist in energy efficiency among the biogas systems studied. These variations depend both on the properties of the raw materials studied and on the system design and allocation methods chosen. The net energy output from biogas systems based on raw materials that have high water content and low biogas yield (e.g. manure) is relatively low. When energy-demanding handling of the raw materials is required, the energy input increases significantly. For instance, in a ley crop-based biogas system, the ley cropping alone corresponds to approximately 40% of the energy input. Overall, operation of the biogas plant is the most energy-demanding process, corresponding to 40–80% of the energy input into the systems. Thus, the results are substantially affected by the assumptions made about the allocation of a plant's entire energy demand among raw materials, e.g. regarding biogas yield or need of additional water for dilution.

Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production

Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems--part I: lessons learned and perspectives.

http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:14398/FULLTEXT01

Municipal solid waste management from a systems perspective

Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste—part 1: general methodology and results

Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste—part 2: landfilling compared to other treatment methods

The overall aim of the present study is to evaluate different strategies for treatment of solid waste based on a life-cycle perspective. Important goals are to identify advantages and disadvantages of different methods for treatment of solid waste, and to identify critical factors in the systems, including the background systems, which may significantly influence the results. Included in the study are landfilling, incineration, recycling, digestion and composting. The waste fractions considered are the combustible and recyclable or compostable fractions of municipal solid waste. The methodology used is Life Cycle Assessment. The results can be used for policy decisions as well as strategic decisions on waste management systems.

Life cycle assessments of energy from solid waste

A QSPR study on optical limiting of organic compounds

Photo-physical properties relevant for optical power limiting in the near-visible and visible regions of the spectrum are reported for a series of substituted diarylalkynyl chalcogenophenes (furans ...

/pdf/a-theoretical-and-experimental-study-of-non-linear-amjnltxy65.pdf

A theoretical and experimental study of non-linear absorption properties of substituted 2,5-di-(phenylethynyl)thiophenes and structurally related compounds

Per Lind

Papers

Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste—part 1: general methodology and results

Life cycle assessment of energy from solid waste—part 2: landfilling compared to other treatment methods

Life cycle assessments of energy from solid waste

A QSPR study on optical limiting of organic compounds

A theoretical and experimental study of non-linear absorption properties of substituted 2,5-di-(phenylethynyl)thiophenes and structurally related compounds