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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system

MEDICAL LITERATURE has been deluged during the past few years with books and papers on penicillin; but a book which has been produced under the general editorship of Sir Alexander Fleming himself represents a complete and authoritative summary of penicillin therapy as it stands today.' The book contains a series of independent contributions by \"experienced and eminent men who have worked with penicillin in Great Britain\". Their opinions and practical methods differ slightly, and there is some overlapping; but these are not disadvantageous, comparison and contrast lending interest to the reading. In the first or general section of the book Fleming contributes two chapters, one on the history and development of penicillin, introducing some interesting sidelights in the romance of discovery, the other on the bacteriological control of penicillin therapy. In both chapters the information is set out in meticulous detail and with a clarity and simplicity which can be enjoyed by all readers. Fleming also gives the right perspective to the place of penicillin amongst the antibiotics and lays down the principles of treatment. Both chapters are well illustrated and are the most outstanding in the book. Included in this first section also are chapters on the chemistry and manufacture of penicillin and its pharmacy, pharmacology and methods of administration. The second section of the book is entirely clinical, giving each author's view on the use of penicillin therapy in a disease or an infection of some particular region of the body. The entire range of peniCillin-sensitive conditions is considered in twenty authoritative and clearly written chapters; these contain many references and illustrations. Dental and veterinary diseases are also given fairly full consideration. The final section is a condensed resume of much of the preceding chapters and is written for. the general practttioner. This chapter is superttuous: it does not contain enough detall to be of much practical value. The book as a Whole, however, will undoubtedly be considered a classical contribution to medical literature and is strongly recommended, not only because of the general interest of its topic, but as a reference book on penicillin therapy of hitherto unequalled excellence. The typography, although conforming to war economy standards, is clear and the paper is good. There is an excellent list of references and the index is satisfactory.

Gray's Anatomy

Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function.

Neuropathic pain and spinal microglia: a big problem from molecules in "small" glia.

Complement and clusterin in the spinal cord dorsal horn and gracile nucleus following sciatic nerve injury in the adult rat.

Knowledge of the average size and variability of the human spinal cord can be of importance when treating pathological conditions in the spinal cord. Data on healthy human spinal cord morphometrics have been published for more than a century using different techniques of measurements, but unfortunately, comparison of results from different studies is difficult because of the different anatomical landmarks used as reference points along the craniocaudal axis for the measurements. The aim of this review was to compute population estimates of the transverse and anteroposterior diameter of the human spinal cord by comparing and combining previously published data on a normalized craniocaudal axis. We included eleven studies presenting measurements of spinal cord cross-sectional diameters, with a combined sample size ranging from 15 to 488 subjects, depending on spinal cord level. Based on five published studies presenting data on the lengths of the segments of the spinal cord and vertebral column, we calculated the relative positions of all spinal cord neuronal segments and vertebral bony segments and mapped measurements of spinal cord size to a normalized craniocaudal axis. This mapping resulted in better alignment between studies and allowed the calculation of weighted averages and standard deviations along the spinal cord. These weighted averages were smoothed using a generalized additive model to yield continuous population estimates for transverse and anteroposterior diameter and associated standard deviations. The spinal cord had the largest transverse diameter at spinal cord neuronal segment C5 (13.3 +/-2.2), decreased to segment T8 (8.3 +/-2.1), and increased slightly again to 9.4 +/-1.5 at L3. The anteroposterior diameter showed less variation in size along the spinal cord at C5 (7.4 +/- 1.6), T8 (6.3 +/- 2.0), and L3 (7.5 +/- 1.6). All estimates are presented in millimeters +/- 2 standard deviations. We conclude that segmental transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the healthy human spinal cord from different published sources can be combined on a normalized craniocaudal axis and yield meaningful population estimates. These estimates could be useful in routine management of patients with neurodegenerative diseases as well as for clinical research and experimental applications aimed at surgical spinal cord repair.

/pdf/a-review-of-the-segmental-diameter-of-the-healthy-human-15nkloli78.pdf

A Review of the Segmental Diameter of the Healthy Human Spinal Cord

This study investigates the role of the intact superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in the reinnervation process of one of the laryngeal muscles, the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA), following recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Using a chronic RLN injury model in the adult rat, PCA reinnervation was assessed by retrograde double-tracing techniques in combination with electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry of muscle sections. The results demonstrate that the PCA receives dual innervation from both laryngeal nerves even in the uninjured system. Functionally significant collateral reinnervation originates from intact SLN fibers following RLN injury, mainly due to intramuscular sprouting rather than by recruitment of more motor neurons. This may be important when choosing surgical and/or medical treatment for patients with RLN injury.

Collateral reinnervation by the superior laryngeal nerve after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Loss of function in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid/parathyroid surgery, despite a macroscopically intact nerve, is a challenge which highlights the sensitivity and complexity of laryngeal innervation. Furthermore, the uncertain prognosis stresses a lack of capability to diagnose the reason behind the impaired function. There is a great deal of literature considering risk factors, surgical technique and mechanisms outside the nerve affecting the incidence of RLN paresis during surgery. To be able to prognosticate recovery in cases of laryngeal dysfunction and voice changes after thyroid surgery, the surgeon would first need to define the presence, location, and type of laryngeal nerve injury. There is little data describing the events within the nerve and the neurobiological reasons for the impaired function related to potential recovery and prognosis. In addition, very little data has been presented in order to clarify any differences between the transient and permanent injury of the RLN. This review aims, from an anatomical and neurobiological perspective, to provide an update on the current understandings of surgically-induced injury to the laryngeal nerves.

/pdf/recovery-of-laryngeal-function-after-intraoperative-injury-fzsibl47cf.pdf

Recovery of laryngeal function after intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Purpose: Repairing the spinal cord with peripheral nerve grafts (PNG) and adjuvant acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) has previously resulted in partial functional recovery. To aid microsurgica ...

/pdf/fgf1-containing-biodegradable-device-with-peripheral-nerve-3pggj3o5w4.pdf

FGF1 containing biodegradable device with peripheral nerve grafts induces corticospinal tract regeneration and motor evoked potentials after spinal cord resection.

Per Mattsson

Papers

Complement and clusterin in the spinal cord dorsal horn and gracile nucleus following sciatic nerve injury in the adult rat.

A Review of the Segmental Diameter of the Healthy Human Spinal Cord

Collateral reinnervation by the superior laryngeal nerve after recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Recovery of laryngeal function after intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

FGF1 containing biodegradable device with peripheral nerve grafts induces corticospinal tract regeneration and motor evoked potentials after spinal cord resection.