In this paper the As propose six implicationally related cognitive statuses relevant for explicating the use of referring expressions in natural language discourse. These statuses are the conventional meanings signalled by determiners and pronouns, and interaction of the statuses with Grice's maxim of Quantity accounts for the actual distribution and interpretation of forms when necessary conditions for the use of more than one form are met. This proposal is supported by an empirical study of the distribution of the referring expressions in naturally occuring discourse in five languages

Cognitive Status and the Form of Referring Expressions in Discourse

The energy usage of computer systems is becoming more important, especially for battery operated systems. Displays, disks, and cpus, in that order, use the most energy. Reducing the energy used by displays and disks has been studied elsewhere; this paper considers a new method for reducing the energy used by the cpu. We introduce a new metric for cpu energy performance, millions-of-instructions-per-joule (MIPJ). We examine a class of methods to reduce MIPJ that are characterized by dynamic control of system clock speed by the operating system scheduler. Reducing clock speed alone does not reduce MIPJ, since to do the same work the system must run longer. However, a number of methods are available for reducing energy with reduced clock-speed, such as reducing the voltage [Chandrakasan et al 1992][Horowitz 1993] or using reversible [Younis and Knight 1993] or adiabatic logic [Athas et al 1994].What are the right scheduling algorithms for taking advantage of reduced clock-speed, especially in the presence of applications demanding ever more instructions-per-second? We consider several methods for varying the clock speed dynamically under control of the operating system, and examine the performance of these methods against workstation traces. The primary result is that by adjusting the clock speed at a fine grain, substantial CPU energy can be saved with a limited impact on performance.

/pdf/scheduling-for-reduced-cpu-energy-4zf6ctmdot.pdf

Scheduling for reduced CPU energy

Dynamic power management (DPM) is a design methodology for dynamically reconfiguring systems to provide the requested services and performance levels with a minimum number of active components or a minimum load on such components. DPM encompasses a set of techniques that achieves energy-efficient computation by selectively turning off (or reducing the performance of) system components when they are idle (or partially unexploited). In this paper, we survey several approaches to system-level dynamic power management. We first describe how systems employ power-manageable components and how the use of dynamic reconfiguration can impact the overall power consumption. We then analyze DPM implementation issues in electronic systems, and we survey recent initiatives in standardizing the hardware/software interface to enable software-controlled power management of hardware components.

A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management : Special section on low-power electronics and design

Dynamic power management (DPM) is a design methodology for dynamically reconfiguring systems to provide the requested services and performance levels with a minimum number of active components or a minimum load on such components DPM encompasses a set of techniques that achieves energy-efficient computation by selectively turning off (or reducing the performance of) system components when they are idle (or partially unexploited) In this paper, we survey several approaches to system-level dynamic power management We first describe how systems employ power-manageable components and how the use of dynamic reconfiguration can impact the overall power consumption We then analyze DPM implementation issues in electronic systems, and we survey recent initiatives in standardizing the hardware/software interface to enable software-controlled power management of hardware components

/pdf/a-survey-of-design-techniques-for-system-level-dynamic-power-g09hpgdity.pdf

A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management

Storage clusters consisting of thousands of disk drives are now being used both for their large capacity and high throughput. However, their reliability is far worse than that of smaller storage systems due to the increased number of storage nodes. RAID technology is no longer sufficient to guarantee the necessary high data reliability for such systems, because disk rebuild time lengthens as disk capacity grows. We present fast recovery mechanism (FARM), a distributed recovery approach that exploits excess disk capacity and reduces data recovery time. FARM works in concert with replication and erasure-coding redundancy schemes to dramatically lower the probability of data loss in large-scale storage systems. We have examined essential factors that influence system reliability, performance, and costs, such as failure detections, disk bandwidth usage for recovery, disk space utilization, disk drive replacement, and system scales, by simulating system behavior under disk failures. Our results show the reliability improvement from FARM and demonstrate the impacts of various factors on system reliability. Using our techniques, system designers will be better able to build multipetabyte storage systems with much higher reliability at lower cost than previously possible.

Evaluation of distributed recovery in large-scale storage systems

Many people have observed that computer systems spend much of their time idle, and various schemes have been proposed to use this idle time productively. The commonest approach is to off-load activity from busy periods to less-busy ones in order to improve system responsiveness. In addition, speculative work can be performed in idle periods in the hopes that it will be needed later at times of higher utilization, or non-renewable resource like battery power can be conserved by disabling unused resources.

We found opportunities to exploit idle time in our work on storage systems, and after a few attempts to tackle specific instances of it in ad hoc ways, began to investigate general mechanisms that could be applied to this problem. Our results include a taxonomy of idle-time detection algorithms, metrics for evaluating them, and an evaluation of a number of idleness predictors that we generated from our taxonomy.

http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/96/HPL-96-140.pdf

Idleness is not sloth

In one embodiment, a method comprises identifying, by an orchestrator executed by a physical machine, a plurality of virtualized network functions required for implementation of a virtualized network service for a customer, each virtualized network function having a corresponding and distinct virtualized container specifying attributes for defining execution of the corresponding virtualized network function within one or more physical machines; and setting by the orchestrator an interdependency indicator within each virtualized container based on association with the virtualized network service, enabling identification of each of the virtualized network functions as interdependent for coordinated execution of the virtualized network service.

Defining interdependent virtualized network functions for service level orchestration

https://cris.vtt.fi/ws/files/22871603/SSC_What_indicators_to_use_and_when_OA_published_2019.pdf

Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for Smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when?

List of contributors Preface Peter Bosch and Rob van der Sandt Part I. SURFACE REALISATION OF FOCUS: 1. Contrastive stress, contrariety and focus Kees van Deemter 2. The processing of information structure Carsten Gunther, Claudia Maienborn, and Andrea Schopp 3. On the limits of focus projection in English Carlos Gussenhoven 4. Informational autonomy Joachim Jacobs 5. Subject-prodrop in Yiddish Ellen F. Prince Part II. SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION OF FOCUS PHENOMENA: 6. What is the alternative? The computation of focus alternatives from lexical and sortal information Peter I. Blok and Kurt Eberle 7. The treatment of focusing particles in underspecified discourse representations Johan Bos 8. Topic Daniel Buring 9. Focus with nominal quantifiers Regine Eckardt 10. Topic, focus and weak quantifiers Gerhard Jager 11. Focus, quantification, and semantics-pragmatics issues Barbara H. Partee 12. Association with focus or association with presupposition Mats Rooth Part III. The Function of Focus in Discourse: 13. Discourse and the focus/background distinction Nicholas Asher 14. Domain restriction Bart Geurts and Rob van de Sandt 15. On different kinds of focus Jeanette K. Gundel 16. Stressed and unstressed pronouns: complementary preferences Megumi Kameyama 17. Discourse linking and discourse subordination Kjell Johan Saebo 18. Position and meaning: time adverbials in context Henrietta de Swart Name index Subject index.

Focus: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives

https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/3986648/901695708161161.pdf

Peter Bosch

Papers

Idleness is not sloth

Defining interdependent virtualized network functions for service level orchestration

Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for Smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when?

Focus: Linguistic, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives

Overview of challenges and achievements in the climate adaptation of cities and in the Climate Proof Cities program