ω-3 Fatty acid (FA) emulsions reduce LPS-stimulated murine macrophage TNF-α production, but the exact mechanism has yet to be defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism for ω...

https://www.foreveryoungradio.com/nordicfiles/NF-kB_Omega_3.pdf

NF-κB inhibition by ω-3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-α transcription

Immune modulation by parenteral lipid emulsions

Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer

http://www.reboundhealth.com/cms/images/pdf/Goodoilbadoil/pmid%2019493674%20id%2015365.pdf

The effect of omega-3 FAs on tumour angiogenesis and their therapeutic potential.

Routine use of parenteral lipid emulsions (LE) in clinical practice began in 1961, with the development of soybean oil (SO) – based LE. Although clinically safe, experimental reports indicated that SO-based LE could exert a negative influence on immunological functions. Those findings were related to its absolute and relative excess of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the low amount of ω-3 PUFA and also to its high PUFA content with an increased peroxidation risk. This motivated the development of new LE basically designed along the reduction of ω-6 PUFA and the ω-3 PUFA addition in order to obtain balanced levels of the ω-6/ω-3 ratio. The new LE for clinical use (available in Europe and South America) are differentiated by their content in polyunsaturated (ω-6 and ω-3), monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids (FA), as well as FA source of their origin, including soy, coconut, olive, and fish oil. This article presents the new LE nutrition and energy functions but also its biochemical, metabo...

New Parenteral Lipid Emulsions for Clinical Use

The incorporation of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (FAs) into leukocyte membranes and the leukotriene (LT)B4-, LTB5 -, LTC4-, and LTCs-synthesizing capacity in stimulated leukocytes were measured following parenteral omega-3 FA nutrition in 20 postoperative patients. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) over 5 days postoperatively was isonitrogenous (0.24 g N x kg-1 x d1) and isoenergetic (92 kJ/22 kcal x kg-1 x d-1), containing 0.15 g fish oil and 0.85 g soybean oil per kg-1 x d-1 (FO) or 1.0 g soybean oil x kg-1 x d-1 (SO). Following 5 days' FO administration, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was increased 2.5-fold, LTB5 1.5-fold, and LTC5 sevenfold. With SO nutrition, EPA and LTB5 generation remained unaltered, whereas LTC5 doubled. The production of LTB4 and LTC4 was not affected in any of the groups. We conclude that a 5-day parenteral fish oil supplementation has an immunomodulatory effect on lipid-mediator generation in human leukocytes in postoperative trauma.

The effect of parenteral fish oil on leukocyte membrane fatty acid composition and leukotriene-synthesizing capacity in patients with postoperative trauma.

15 Ernährung vom Säuglings- bis zum Jugendalter

30 Diabetes mellitus

54 Ernährungsmedizin in der Praxis des niedergelassenen Arztes

Although glucose/insulin infusions provide useful information about the thermic effect of glucose in a variety of conditions, they are not comparable to the clinical situation in which glucose alone is infused in the absence of exogenous insulin. We studied the effects of intravenous infusion of glucose without exogenous insulin in 6 healthy patients receiving 'tl'N for intestinal failure, and 6 patients with intraabdominal sepsis. All patients were studied after an overnight fast. Oxygen consumption, RQ, metabolic rate and the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glycerol. free fatty acids, lactate, cortisol and catecholamines were measured for one hour prior to, and two hours during an infusion of 20% glucose alone, at rates similar to those used in TPN (I.8kcal/min). Resting oxygen consumption and metabolic rate were significantly higher in the septic patients, but the median thermic effect of glucose amounted to only 1.28 and 1.04% of infused calories in the septic and non-septic groups respectively (P>0.05, MannWhitney U test), and the increases in energy expenditure seen were markedly less than !reported with glucose/insulin infusions. Fasting RQ was significantly lower in septic patients and remained lower than that of the control group throughout, althought the magnitude of rise was similar. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were similar in the two groups and responded similarly to glucose administration. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher in the septic patients but did not change during glucose infusion. Plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were unchanged by glucose infusion, although levels of noradrenaline were significantly higher in the septic patients. This study confirms the finding of preferential fat oxidation in patients with intraabdominal sepsis but calls into question previous estimates of the thermic effect of intravenous glucose. Glucose/insulin infusions may be associated with unphysiological rates of glucose disposal and lead to hyperinsulinaemla and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. All of these phenomena may lead to increases in metabolic rate. The administration of glucose under clinically relevant conditions is associated with smaller thermogenic, metabolic and hormonal disturbances than previously described.

Peter Fürst

Papers

The effect of parenteral fish oil on leukocyte membrane fatty acid composition and leukotriene-synthesizing capacity in patients with postoperative trauma.

15 Ernährung vom Säuglings- bis zum Jugendalter

30 Diabetes mellitus

54 Ernährungsmedizin in der Praxis des niedergelassenen Arztes

Nutrition in sepsis