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Computational Fluid Mechanics And Heat Transfer

Clinical examination of voice

As the primary means of communication, voice plays an important role in daily life. Voice also conveys personal information such as social status, personal traits, and the emotional state of the speaker. Mechanically, voice production involves complex fluid-structure interaction within the glottis and its control by laryngeal muscle activation. An important goal of voice research is to establish a causal theory linking voice physiology and biomechanics to how speakers use and control voice to communicate meaning and personal information. Establishing such a causal theory has important implications for clinical voice management, voice training, and many speech technology applications. This paper provides a review of voice physiology and biomechanics, the physics of vocal fold vibration and sound production, and laryngeal muscular control of the fundamental frequency of voice, vocal intensity, and voice quality. Current efforts to develop mechanical and computational models of voice production are also critically reviewed. Finally, issues and future challenges in developing a causal theory of voice production and perception are discussed.

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Mechanics of human voice production and control.

Vocal tract and glottal function during and after vocal exercising with resonance tube and straw

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Mathematical and computational methods for compressible flow.

Numerical simulation of self-oscillations of human vocal folds with Hertz model of impact forces

The process of human phonation involves a complex interaction between the physical domains of structural dynamics, fluid flow, and acoustic sound production and radiation. Given the high degree of nonlinearity of these processes, even small anatomical or physiological disturbances can significantly affect the voice signal. In the worst cases, patients can lose their voice and hence the normal mode of speech communication. To improve medical therapies and surgical techniques it is very important to understand better the physics of the human phonation process. Due to the limited experimental access to the human larynx, alternative strategies, including artificial vocal folds, have been developed. The following review gives an overview of experimental investigations of artificial vocal folds within the last 30 years. The models are sorted into three groups: static models, externally driven models, and self-oscillating models. The focus is on the different models of the human vocal folds and on the ways in which they have been applied.

In vitro experimental investigation of voice production.

Geometry of human vocal folds and glottal channel for mathematical and biomechanical modeling of voice production.

Impact stress (the impact force divided by the contact area of the vocal folds) has been suspected to be the main traumatizing mechanism in voice production, and the main cause of vocal fold nodules. However, there are also other factors, such as the repetitive acceleration and deceleration, which may traumatize the vocal fold tissues. Using an aeroelastic model of voice production, the present study quantifies the acceleration and impact stress values in relation to lung pressure, fundamental frequency (F0) and prephonatory glottal half-width. Both impact stress and acceleration were found to increase with lung pressure. Compared to impact stress, acceleration was less dependent on prephonatory glottal width and, thus, on voice production type. Maximum acceleration values were about 5–10 times greater for high F0 (approx. 400 Hz) compared to low F0 (approx. 100 Hz), whereas maximum impact stress remained nearly unchanged. This suggests that acceleration, i.e. the inertia forces, may present at high F0 a greater load for the vocal folds, and in addition to the collision forces may contribute to the fact that females develop vocal fold nodules and other vocal fold traumas more frequently than males.

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Comparison of acceleration and impact stress as possible loading factors in phonation: a computer modeling study.

The aeroacoustic mechanisms in human voice production are complex coupled processes that are still not fully understood. In this article, a hybrid numerical approach to analyzing sound generation in human voice production is presented. First, the fluid flow problem is solved using a parallel finite-volume computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver on a fine computational mesh covering the larynx. The CFD simulations are run for four geometrical configurations: both with and without false vocal folds, and with fixed convergent or convergent–divergent motion of the medial vocal fold surface. Then the aeroacoustic sources and propagation of sound waves are calculated using Lighthill’s analogy or acoustic perturbation equations on a coarse mesh covering the larynx, vocal tract, and radiation region near the mouth. Aeroacoustic sound sources are investigated in the time and frequency domains to determine their precise origin and correlation with the flow field. The problem of acoustic wave propagation from the larynx and vocal tract into the free field is solved using the finite-element method. Two different vocal-tract shapes are considered and modeled according to MRI vocal-tract data of the vowels /i/ and /u/. The spectra of the radiated sound evaluated from acoustic simulations show good agreement with formant frequencies known from human subjects.

Petr Šidlof

Papers

Numerical simulation of self-oscillations of human vocal folds with Hertz model of impact forces

In vitro experimental investigation of voice production.

Geometry of human vocal folds and glottal channel for mathematical and biomechanical modeling of voice production.

Comparison of acceleration and impact stress as possible loading factors in phonation: a computer modeling study.

A hybrid approach to the computational aeroacoustics of human voice production