A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Disclosed is an apparatus for inductively transferring power to movable consumer, it extends in the form of a conductor loop along a trajectory of a predetermined consumer, disposed on the consumer it is capable of power therefrom drawn by the secondary conductor, comprising at least one primary conductor. To produce a simple and inexpensive variable route layout, the device, galvanically (galvanically) isolated two conductor loops are provided, it is assigned to different sectors of the track Te, so that it can be power distributed to the consumer that is transmitted by inductive coupling conductor loop to at least one second conductor loop from the first conductor loop is arranged relative to each other . Sectors of the two conductor loops which is inductively coupled to form a transformer, which is preferably provided with a two-piece ferromagnetic core. Movable consumer is guided on a rail, one sector of the inductively coupled by conductor loop, the movable portion of the rail switch with only such binding occurs last position of the rail switch with, It is connected.

Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy inductively

Description: A comprehensive reference on state–of–the–art EMC modeling. The problems of electromagnetic interference are as old as radio wave communication. Only recently, however, has progress in numerical computation permitted the creation of models that help explain the physical phenomena of EM interference and predict and mitigate their effects. These models also invite an approach to solving EMC problems that furthers an understanding of underlying principles. EMC Analysis Methods and Computational Models provides detailed descriptions of the formulation, development, analysis, and use of EMC models. Departing from the rules–of–thumb approach for predicting electromagnetic interference, this book covers every step in the development of computational models––from the electromagnetic topology of the system to the development of coupling, penetration, and propagation models that describe the behavior of energy within the system. Supported by numerous illustrations, it * Covers circuit theory, low–frequency coupling, discrete source radiation, transmission line propagation, EM field penetration through apertures, diffusion, and shielding. * Discusses the approximations necessary in model development and contrasts approximate models with more rigorous models. * Includes exercises that elaborate the theory behind the models and indicate practical applications. * Provides computer programs based on models developed in the text. For practicing engineers, researchers, and graduate students, this book broadens the base of knowledge about the principles of EMC and lays the foundation for future research in the field.

EMC Analysis Methods And Computational Models

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review.

This study investigates a new hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which consists of a battery bank and an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank, and a control strategy for this system. The proposed topology uses a bi-directional DC-DC converter with a lower power rating than those used in the traditional HESS topology. The proposed HESS has four operating modes, and the proposed control strategy chooses the appropriate operating mode and regulates the distribution of power between the battery bank and the UC bank. Additionally, the control system prevents surges during mode switching and ensures that both the battery bank and the bi-directional DC-DC converter operate within their power limits. The proposed HESS is used to improve the performance of an existing power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A method for calculating the parameters of the proposed HESS is presented. A simulation model of the proposed HESS and control strategy was developed, and a scaled-down experimental platform was constructed. The results of the simulations and the experiments provide strong evidence for the feasibility of the proposed topology and the control strategy. The performance of the HESS is not influenced by the power limits of the bi-directional DC-DC converter.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/5/2874/pdf

A New Topology and Control Strategy for a Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System

This paper deals with the design and modelling aspects of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) used in Electric vehicles. Modelling of HESS includes modelling of battery, Ultra-capacitor and the vehicle load modelling for Light electric vehicle used in the work. A detailed analysis for vehicle load is carried out to find out capacity of motor, battery and ultra-capacitor in both acceleration and in regenerative braking. This paper also discusses different types of converters used in HESS for electric vehicle application along with its suitability to the light electric vehicles. The HESS in this work uses a bidirectional dc/dc converter along with battery and ultra-capacitor. A simple power sharing algorithm based on heuristic approach is presented to ensure the different modes of operation of electric vehicles. From the performance analysis at different speeds and at different gradients it is concluded that HESS reduces the size of the battery, weight of the system. Due to this the range of the vehicle can be improved in a single charge.

Modeling and analysis of hybrid energy storage systems used in Electric vehicles

Feasibility analysis of different conducting and insulation materials used in laminated busbars

ABSTRACT Super capacitors have the ability of high power densities for longer charging (or) discharging cycles. Material used in the super capacitors effects the performance of the device. It is obvious that the material used in super capacitors shall increase the energy density for smaller volumes while maintain the cycle stability. The right structure of super capacitors should exhibit best mechanical and electrical properties. The analysis of the above properties can be discussed by looking into the microstructure, elemental structure, etc. of the materials used. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis are performed on a super capacitor to study the microstructure and elemental parameters. This analysis will help in determining the electrical and mechanical properties of the super capacitors.

SEM & EDAX analysis of super capacitor

A new method of power control for wireless power transmission (WPT) system has been proposed and analysed. The circuit and method suggested in this study holds good promise of reducing switching loss in the high-frequency converter of WPT. The effect of misalignment between transmitter and receiver coils has been analysed and a simple remedial method has been proposed. The desirability of frequency tuning of converter's output voltage under varying degrees of misalignment has been highlighted. The conventional perturb and observe method for maximum power point tracking has been gainfully employed here to achieve the required frequency tuning of the proposed converter. The proposed methods are implemented and tested on laboratory scale. Some suggestions have been given for augmenting driver assistance system aimed at limiting lateral misalignment in dynamic WPT system. The suggested algorithm is tested in a laboratory environment using a simple communication system.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-epa.2018.5509

Methods for overcoming misalignment effects and charging control of a dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system

Magnetic resonance coupling (MRC) based wireless power transfer (WPT) system is recognized as an efficient and promising technology for safe, convenient and elegant charging solution for various electronic portable devices. MRC technology helps in transferring power wirelessly from transmitter to receiver over larger distances. However in such loosely coupled systems, low power transfer efficiency is the major issue in comparison to conventional wired charging systems. The paper presents detailed analysis of power transfer efficiency between two independent coils separated by distance of 15 cm. The analysis involves an effect of coil geometrical dimensions on power transfer efficiency and mutual inductance between transmitter (T X ) and receiver coils (R X ). In addition, the investigations are further extended to analyze the role of shielding and effect of shielding geometry on power transfer efficiency and mutual inductance between the two coils.

Phaneendra Babu Bobba

Papers

Modeling and analysis of hybrid energy storage systems used in Electric vehicles

Feasibility analysis of different conducting and insulation materials used in laminated busbars

SEM & EDAX analysis of super capacitor

Methods for overcoming misalignment effects and charging control of a dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system

Effect of coil geometry and shielding on wireless power transfer system