Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold the promise of delivering exceptional mechanical properties and multi-functional characteristics. Ever-increasing interest in applying CNTs in many different fields has led to continued efforts to develop dispersion and functionalization techniques. To employ CNTs as effective reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites, proper dispersion and appropriate interfacial adhesion between the CNTs and polymer matrix have to be guaranteed. This paper reviews the current understanding of CNTs and CNT/polymer nanocomposites with two particular topics: (i) the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion and functionalization and (ii) the effects of CNT dispersion and functionalization on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. The fabrication techniques and potential applications of CNT/polymer nanocomposites are also highlighted.

Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review

http://www.mtdna.or.kr/neowiz/board/up_files/files_17/Chitin_Chitosan_polymers_chemistrySolubilityFiberFormation.pdf

Chitin and chitosan polymers: Chemistry, solubility and fiber formation

Our aim is to propose a theory which goes beyond the classical formulation of thermodynamics. This is achieved by enlarging the space of basic independent variables, through the introduction of non-equilibrium variables, such as the dissipative fluxes appearing in the balance equations. The next step is to find evolution equations for the dissipative fluxes. Whereas the evolution equations for the classical variables are given by the usual balance laws, no general criteria exist concerning the evolution equations of the dissipative fluxes, with the exception of the restrictions imposed on them by the second law of thermodynamics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/51/8/002/pdf

Extended irreversible thermodynamics

Effect of dry grinding on chemically modified kaolin

Benefits of reduced vehicle weight can have an important environmental impact since there is a 6 to 8% improvement in fuel efficiency for every 10% in weight reduction. In this work, foaming technology is used to produce injection molded TPO parts (thermoplastic olefin compounds) for the automotive industry with a minimum of 20% weight reduction while retaining a glossy surface quality. It was found by Guo et al. (2006, 2007) that the best strategy to raise the surface quality was to decrease the shot size, the cycling time and the temperature of the injected melt. However, the targeted objective of a minimum of 20% weight reduction was not achieved in these preliminary experiments. Therefore, in this work a blend of TPO and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (PP-g-MA) was used in order to promote TPO foamability and improve the surface quality of injected parts. Under these conditions, we managed to produce injected molded TPO samples with a 24% weight reduction and good surface quality. Mo...

Surface Defects of TPO Injected Foam Parts for Automotive Applications

Rheological and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/CNCs nanocomposites were compared with those of nanocomposites containing poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizer. The nanocomposites were prepared by a Brabender internal mixer at CNC contents of 5 wt%. The compression molded nanocomposite dog-bones and disks were characterized regarding their tensile and dynamic rheological behavior, respectively. The complex viscosity of the nanocomposites samples containing the compatibilizer were increased, slightly, compared to the non-compatibilized nanocomposite samples. Moreover, an overshoot in the transient start-up viscosity of the compatibilized nanocomposite was observed. The Young modulus of the nanocomposite samples containing the compatibilizer were increased up to ca. 37% compared to the neat PP. The elongation at break was decreased in all PP/CNC nanocomposite samples, but less for the nanocomposite samples containing the compatibilizer. The crystalline content of the PP in the nanocomposites and also the crystallization temperature were increased after compatibilization. These results could be ascribed to the efficiency of the poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizer that favors a better dispersion and wetting of the hydrophilic CNCs within the hydrophobic PP.

Effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on crystallinity, mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene/CNCs nanocomposites

Heat and mass transfer between bubbles and a liquid

Heat transfer has been investigated for several Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids mixed in a flat bottomed vessel equipped with a screw agitator and a coil acting simultaneously as draft tube and heat exchanger. Heat transfer rates from coil to liquid were determined for different coil designs, rheological properties and operating conditions in the heating and cooling modes. A circulation Reynolds number is defined, the characteristic length being the effective height of the heat exchanger (the coil) and the characteristic velocity being the circulation velocity of the fluid which was determined experimentally. Using this Reynolds number, it was possible to establish a single correlation for the Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Geometric ratios do not appear in this correlation which could adequately represent more than 200 experimental data. A similar single correlation could not be obtained when using the conventional mixing Reynolds number. This novel system is shown to be very efficient for handling rheologically complex fluids.



On a etudie le transfert de chaleur pour plusieurs liquides newtoniens et non-newtoniens agites dans un systeme consistant en un recipient a fond plat muni d'un agitateur a vis et d'un serpentin servant a la fois de tube de circulation et d'echangeur de chaleur. On a determine les taux de transfert thermique entre serpentin et liquide pour une gamme de geometries du serpentin, de proprietes rheologiques et de conditions d'operation en chauffage et en refroidissement du liquide. Un nombre de Reynolds pour la circulation du fluide a ete defini dans lequel la longueur caracteristique est la hauteur effective de l'echangeur (le serpentin) et la vitesse caracteristique est la vitesse de recirculation du fluide determinee experimentalement. Il a ete possible d'obtenir une seule equation donnant le nombre de Nusselt en fonction du nombre de Prandtl et de ce nouveau nombre de Reynolds. Cette correlation qui represente de facon tres satisfaisante plus de 200 resultats experimentaux ne contient pas de rapport geometrique. Par contre, il n'a pas ete possible d'etablir une relation unique de ce type en utilisant le nombre de Reynolds de melange conventionnel. On montre que ce nouveau systeme est tres efficace pour traiter les fluides de rheologie complexe.

Pierre J. Carreau

Papers

Effect of dry grinding on chemically modified kaolin

Surface Defects of TPO Injected Foam Parts for Automotive Applications

Effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on crystallinity, mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene/CNCs nanocomposites

Heat and mass transfer between bubbles and a liquid

Heat transfer to newtonian and non‐newtonian liquids in a screw agitator and draft coil system