抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

It is demonstrated that Genetic Algorithm in a floating point realisation can be a viable tool for locating critical points on a multi-dimensional potential energy surface (PES). For small clusters, the standard algorithm works well. For bigger ones, the search for global minimum becomes more efficient when used in conjunction with coordinate stretching, and partitioning of the strings into a core part and an outer part which are alternately optimized The method works with equal facility for locating minima, local as well as global, and saddle points (SP) of arbitrary orders . The search for minima requires computation of the gradient vector, but not the Hessian, while that for SP's requires the information of the gradient vector and the Hessian, the latter only at some specific points on the path. The method proposed is tested on (i) a model 2-d PES (ii) argon clusters (Ar 4 –Ar 30 ) in which argon atoms interact via Lennard-Jones potential, (iii) Ar m X, m =12 clusters where X may be a neutral atom or a cation. We also explore if the method could also be used to construct what may be called a stochastic representation of the reaction path on a given PES with reference to conformational changes in Ar n clusters.

Locating critical points on multi-dimensional surfaces by genetic algorithm: test cases including normal and perturbed argon clusters

Direct solution of Schrödinger equation by genetic algorithm: test cases

https://www.math.uni-leipzig.de/~quapp/Pinaki.pdf

A genetic algorithm based technique for locating first-order saddle point using a gradient dominated recipe

In this article, we propose a stochastic search based method, namely genetic algorithm in conjunction with density functional theory to evaluate structures of water-halide microclusters, with the halide ion being Cl(-), Br(-), and I(-). Once the structures are established, we evaluate the infrared spectroscopic modes, vertical detachment energies and natural population analysis based charges. We compare our results with available experimental and theoretical results.

Structure and spectroscopic aspects of water‐halide ion clusters: A study based on a conjunction of stochastic and quantum chemical methods

We suggest that the thermodynamic stability parameters (nearest neighbor stacking and hydrogen bonding free energies) of double-stranded DNA molecules can be inferred reliably from time series of the size fluctuations (breathing) of local denaturation zones (bubbles). On the basis of the reconstructed bubble size distribution, this is achieved through stochastic optimization of the free energies in terms of Simulated Annealing. In particular, it is shown that even noisy time series allow the identification of the stability parameters at remarkable accuracy. This method will be useful to obtain the DNA stacking and hydrogen bonding free energies from single bubble breathing assays rather than equilibrium data.

Pinaki Chaudhury

Papers

Locating critical points on multi-dimensional surfaces by genetic algorithm: test cases including normal and perturbed argon clusters

Direct solution of Schrödinger equation by genetic algorithm: test cases

A genetic algorithm based technique for locating first-order saddle point using a gradient dominated recipe

Structure and spectroscopic aspects of water‐halide ion clusters: A study based on a conjunction of stochastic and quantum chemical methods

Determining the DNA stability parameters for the breathing dynamics of heterogeneous DNA by stochastic optimization