There have been many recent advances in wireless communication technologies, particularly in the area of wireless sensor networks, which have undergone rapid development and been successfully applied in the consumer electronics market. Therefore, wireless networks (WNs) have been attracting more attention from academic communities and other domains. From an industrial perspective, WNs present many advantages including flexibility, low cost, easy deployment and so on. Therefore, WNs can play a vital role in the Industry 4.0 framework, and can be used for smart factories and intelligent manufacturing systems. In this paper, we present an overview of industrial WNs (IWNs), discuss IWN features and related techniques, and then provide a new architecture based on quality of service and quality of data for IWNs. We also propose some applications for IWNs and IWN standards. Then, we will use a case from our previous achievements to explain how to design an IWN under Industry 4.0. Finally, we highlight some of the design challenges and open issues that still need to be addressed to make IWNs truly ubiquitous for a wide range of applications.

A review of industrial wireless networks in the context of Industry 4.0

The emergence of wireless body area network (WBAN) technology has brought hope and dawn to solve the problems of population aging, various chronic diseases, and medical facility shortage. The increasing demand for real-time applications in such networks, stimulates many research activities. Designing such a scheme of critical events while preserving the energy efficiency is a challenging task, due to the dynamic of the network topology, severe constraints on the power supply, and the limited computation power. The design of routing protocols becomes an essential part of WBANs and plays an important role in the communication stacks and has a significant impact on the network performance. In this paper, we briefly introduce WBAN and focus on the analysis of the routing protocol, classify, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various routing protocols. Lastly, we put forward some problems and suggestions, which provides ideas for the follow-up routing design.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1638/pdf

A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications.

Recent progress in routing protocols of mobile opportunistic networks

How to measure the centrality of nodes is a significant problem in mobile social networks (MSNs). Current studies in MSNs mainly focus on measuring the centrality of nodes in a certain time interval based on the static graph that do not change over time. However, the network topology of MSNs is changing very rapidly, which is the main characteristic of MSNs. Therefore, it will not be accurate to measure the centrality of nodes in a certain time interval by using the static graph. To solve this problem, this paper first introduces a new centrality metric named cumulative neighboring relationship (CNR) for MSNs. Then, a time-ordered aggregation model is proposed to reduce a dynamic network to a series of time-ordered networks. Based on the time-ordered aggregation model, this paper proposes three particular time-ordered aggregation methods and combines with the proposed centrality metric CNR to measure the importance of nodes in a certain time interval. Finally, extensive trace-driven simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed time-ordered aggregation model-based centrality metric time-ordered cumulative neighboring relationship ( TCNR ). The results show that the exponential time-ordered aggregation method can measure TCNR centrality in a certain time interval more accurately than other aggregation methods, and our proposed time-ordered aggregation model-based centrality metric TCNR outperforms other existing temporal centrality metrics.

A Time-Ordered Aggregation Model-Based Centrality Metric for Mobile Social Networks

Ensuring security in a communication network is one of the underlying challenges of wireless sensor network due to critical operational constraints. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an easy target of malware (worm, virus, malicious code, etc.) attacks due to weak security mechanism. Malware propagation outsets from a compromised sensor node and spreads in the whole WSN using wireless communication. Owing to epidemic nature of worm transmission in the network, it is essential to implement a defence mechanism against worm attacks. Motivated by malware quarantine, we propose an improved mathematical model which aggregates quarantine and vaccination techniques. We obtain the equilibrium points and other crucial parameters of the proposed model. We analyse the system stability under different conditions. Basic reproduction number determines whether malware is extinct in the system or not. It helps in the calculation of cutoff limit of the node density and communication radius. The impingement of various parameters in this model is analysed. The performance is observed to be significantly ameliorated than existing models and verified by extensive simulation results in terms of reducing the number of infectious nodes and decreasing the rate of malware propagation.

Improved Model for the Stability Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network Against Malware Attacks

Data fusion prolongs the lifetime of mobile sensing networks

RIM: Relative-importance based data forwarding in people-centric networks

The social-based forwarding scheme has recently been shown to be an effective solution to improve the performance of opportunistic routing. Most of the current works focus on the globally defined node centrality, resulting in a bias towards the most popular nodes. However, these nodes may not be appropriate relay candidates for some target nodes, because they may have low importance relative to these subsets of target nodes. In this paper, to improve the opportunistic forwarding efficiency, we exploit the relative importance (called partial centrality) of a node with respect to a group of nodes. We design a new opportunistic forwarding scheme, opportunistic forwarding with partial centrality (OFPC), and theoretically quantify the influence of the partial centrality on the data forwarding performance using graph spectrum. By applying our scheme on three real opportunistic networking scenarios, our extensive evaluations show that the OFPC achieves significantly better mean delivery delay and cost compared to the state-of-the-art works, while achieving delivery ratios sufficiently close to those by Epidemic under different TTL requirements.

Exploiting Partial Centrality of Nodes for Data Forwarding in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

—Routing is one of the difficult issues in mobile opportunistic networks, due to the lack of global knowledge and sporadic links. Related works use a greedy strategy to forward packets, i.e., they select relays with higher/bigger quality metrics. In this paper, we study the Opportunistic Routing Protocols (ORPs) from the perspective of social network analysis. Specifically, we discuss the impact of social relationship on the performance of ORPs. We first classify nodes into strangers and friends. We then explore the optimized number of strangers we can employ. Third, we propose STRON, a socially aware data forwarding scheme by taking both STRangers and their Optimized Number into account. We finally compare STRON with the state-of-the-art works through synthetical and trace-driven simulations, the numerical results demonstrate that STRON achieves a better performance, especially in terms of combined overhead/packet delivery ratio and the average number of hops per message.

Ping Liu

Papers

Recent progress in routing protocols of mobile opportunistic networks

Data fusion prolongs the lifetime of mobile sensing networks

RIM: Relative-importance based data forwarding in people-centric networks

Exploiting Partial Centrality of Nodes for Data Forwarding in Mobile Opportunistic Networks

A Socially Aware Routing Protocol in Mobile Opportunistic Networks