Effect of temperature control conditions on DPF regeneration by nonthermal plasma.

Physicochemical analysis of the exhaust soot from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine and the carbon black

Growth, leaf chlorophyll concentration and morphological adaptation of young wax apple (Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merrill & Perry) cvs. Plastic (PT), Thunklao (TK), Phetnamphueng (PP) and Thapthimchan (TC) and Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense) (MA) plants under flooding conditions were investigated. Potted wax apple and Malay apple plants were flooded to 5 cm above the soil surface for 70 days continuously. MA, TK, PP and TC plants survived under this flooding duration while PT plants had gradually died after flooding for 30 days. Vertical splitting of the outer bark was observed immediately above and below the flood level in all cultivars after flooding for 12 – 21 days followed by a development of adventitious roots at stem base below the flood level in most cultivars except for MA plants. Flooded PT plants formed adventitious roots faster than other cultivars while flooded TC plants had greatest mass of adventitious roots. Flooding significantly decreased shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll concentration and dry weight of leaves and roots but increased shoot to root ratio. Severe growth restriction was observed in flooded MA and PT plants. Based on the ability to maintain growth under flooding conditions, PP was the most flood tolerance cultivar with profuse adventitious roots followed by TK and TC, respectively, while PT was the least flood tolerance in this study. MA plants restricted their growth and maintained leaf chlorophyll level to survive flooding without adventitious root formation. The results suggested that these selected wax apple cultivars and Malay apple tolerated to flooding differently and flooding tolerance was not generally associated with the ability to form adventitious roots under flooding conditions.

Growth, Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration, and Morphological Adaptation of Selected Wax Apple Cultivars in Response to Flooding

This paper investigated the physical and chemical properties of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine particulate matter (PM). The physical properties mainly included the particulate aggregate morphology, primary particle size, and internal nanostructure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to obtain particle morphology information and to conduct image processing and analysis. The chemical characterization tests included X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive scanning (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). XPS can be used to observe the content of carbon and oxygen components and the surface carbon chemistry status, EDS can be used to obtain the elemental composition of particles, and TGA is used to analyze the oxidative kinetics of particles. Samples were collected from the exhaust emissions of a passenger vehicle compliant with China’s VI emission standards under China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (CLTC) test conditions. The study found that the particle morphology mainly comprised primary particles stacked on top of each other to form agglomerate structures, and the primary particles exhibited a core–shell structure. Analysis showed that carbon and oxygen were the predominant components of the particles, with other metallic elements also present. The XPS observations agreed with the FTIR results, indicating a small amount of oxygen was present on the particle surface and that the carbon components consisted mainly of sp2 hybridized graphite and sp3 hybridized organic carbon. The TGA results indicated high characteristic temperatures and low oxidation activity.

/pdf/physicochemical-analysis-of-particle-matter-from-a-gasoline-3pza16xl.pdf

Physicochemical Analysis of Particle Matter from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Based on the China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle

Utilization of waste-derived biodiesel in a compression ignition engine

The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative partial replacement of diesel fuel was shown to improve exhaust emissions from diesel engines. Waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) has also gained more attention due to edible biofuel supply and the environment. In this study, a nonthermal plasma (NTP) technique was applied to be equipped into the after-treatment system of a four-cylinder diesel engine at medium- and high-load conditions. The exhaust gases in the NTP state from the combustion of WCO and diesel (D100) fuels were partially drawn by spectrometers and nanoparticle-number-derived characteristics were analyzed. The particle number, area, and mass concentrations were in log-normal distribution over equivalent diameters, and they were higher at high load. The concentration of the particulate matter (PM) was lower but was larger in size when the NTP charger was activated due to coagulation principally owing to WCO’s number and surface area. The total particle masses were lower for WCO at the two load conditions tested. During NTP charger activation, the mass mean diameters were increased by maximum values of 24.0% for D100 and 5.5% for WCO. The PM removal efficiencies were maximized by 10.8% for D100 and 16.7% for WCO when the NTP charger was in use, and the WCO exhaust was dominantly seen to simultaneously reduce NOx and PM emissions.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.1c06597

Insight into Nanoparticle-Number-Derived Characteristics of Precharged Biodiesel Exhaust Gas in Nonthermal Plasma State

An experimental study of the particulate matter (PM)-related emissions from the combustion of waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel-blended (0%, 30%, and 100% v/v) fuels in a four-cylinder diesel particulate filter (DPF)-equipped engine was carried out. A laboratory-scale DPF under the controlled conditions was installed into an aftertreatment system, and the PM mass and number characteristics were investigated. The combustion analysis based on in-cylinder pressure shows that the added WCO shortened the ignition delay, advanced the combustion ignition, and increased peak pressure values compared to conventional diesel fuel. The WCO increase in specific fuel consumption led to a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency. The WCO-fueled engine showed reduced PM and total unburned hydrocarbon but increased nitric oxide emission. The nucleation and accumulation were characterized for nanoparticle number and size distribution. The particle number (PN) concentration in total was declined to smaller values when fueling with WCO. In the thermogravimetric analysis, the PM of WCO oxidized to a greater level than that of diesel fuel, which was observed by the weight loss rates during the specified heating program. WCO lowered the elemental carbon (EC) part of PM than diesel fuel. When equipping an exhaust system with DPF, the EC and the total PN drastically reduced while the particle size slightly increased. The use of DPF with the WCO biodiesel mitigated both EC and organic carbon components of the captured particles of the released PM.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.1c05627

Nanoparticle Components and Number–Size Distribution of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Exhaust Gas from a Diesel Particulate Filter-Equipped Engine

Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a well known NPComplete
problem. The objective of the problem is to find
route of the vehicle to service all the customers at a
minimal cost (in term of travel distance, travel cost, etc.).
Almost all TSP problems used distance between each
point of customer as Euclidean Distance and are not
concerned with other parameters to find minimal cost.
This paper presents the new TSP that is called “Traveling
Salesman Problem with Traffic conditions (TSPTC)”. The
algorithm has been designed to employ more parameters,
which results it closer to the real world condition. The
paper also proposes the developed genetic algorithm,
called “Hybrid Encoding Genetic Algorithm (HEGA)”.
The concept is to combine binary encoding and integer
encoding together. The successful results of HEGA of
TSPTC are shown in the paper.

Traveling Salesman Problem with Traffic Conditions

Problem statement: The suniqueness of the Theatres in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area
lies in the multiplex theatres. The enactment of law requires the theatre's entrepreneur to show the
calculation lists of fire evacuation. The means of egress should have an ability to evacuate the people
from the theatre within an hour. However, the restrictions to calculate the evacuation time and the
number of person occupying the building are not well proposed. Approach: The suitable occupant
load factor is investigated by areas of the multiplex Theatres. In addition, the calculation of evacuation
time by the hydraulic flow calculations is also presented under assumptions for calculation
conveniences. Results: The result of the study provides the suitable occupant load factor for multiplex
theatres. The standard methods of calculation are used to determine the evacuation time from
multiplex theatres. Conclusion: The calculation of evacuation time was conducted by using the data
from 10 multiplex theatres in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The results show that the evacuation
time is fallen between 8.2 and 84.9 min. Only 3 theatres have the evacuation time more than an hour.
If these results are compared with the calculated evacuation time from the theatres that have a
permission document, there is no data of evacuation time from theatres more than 60 min.

Poranat Visuwan

Papers

Insight into Nanoparticle-Number-Derived Characteristics of Precharged Biodiesel Exhaust Gas in Nonthermal Plasma State

Nanoparticle Components and Number–Size Distribution of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Exhaust Gas from a Diesel Particulate Filter-Equipped Engine

Traveling Salesman Problem with Traffic Conditions

The Study of Evacuation Times from the Multiplex Theatres