Water management is paramount in countries with water scarcity. This also affects agriculture, as a large amount of water is dedicated to that use. The possible consequences of global warming lead to the consideration of creating water adaptation measures to ensure the availability of water for food production and consumption. Thus, studies aimed at saving water usage in the irrigation process have increased over the years. Typical commercial sensors for agriculture irrigation systems are very expensive, making it impossible for smaller farmers to implement this type of system. However, manufacturers are currently offering low-cost sensors that can be connected to nodes to implement affordable systems for irrigation management and agriculture monitoring. Due to the recent advances in IoT and WSN technologies that can be applied in the development of these systems, we present a survey aimed at summarizing the current state of the art regarding smart irrigation systems. We determine the parameters that are monitored in irrigation systems regarding water quantity and quality, soil characteristics and weather conditions. We provide an overview of the most utilized nodes and wireless technologies. Lastly, we will discuss the challenges and the best practices for the implementation of sensor-based irrigation systems.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/4/1042/pdf

IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

IoT based smart agrotech system for verification of Urban farming parameters

Mechanization is a depollution activity, because it provides an energetic and ecological response to the problem of organic waste treatment. Through burning, biogas from mechanization reduces gas pollution from fermentation by a factor of 20. This study aims to better understand the influence of the seasons on the emitted biogas in the landfill of the city Mohammedia. The composition of the biogas that naturally emanates from the landfill has been continuously analyzed by our intelligent system, from different wells drilled in recent and old waste repositories. During the rainy season, the average production of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen and nitrogen are currently 56%, 32%, and 1%, respectively, compared to 51%, 31%, and 0.8%, respectively, for old waste. Hazards levels, potential fire, and explosion risks associated with biogas are lower than those of natural gases in most cases. For this reason a system is proposed to measure and monitor the biogas production of the landfill site remotely. Measurement results carried out at various sites of the landfill in the city of Mohammedia by the system show that the biogas contents present dangers and sanitary risks which are of another order.

/pdf/intelligent-monitoring-system-for-biogas-detection-based-on-4z1el1mhqg.pdf

Intelligent monitoring system for biogas detection based on the Internet of Things: Mohammedia, Morocco city landfill case

The Global Sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) cut crosswise over numerous zones of current living. This provides the potentiality to compute, and understand the environmental indicators. In today's digital world, a person expects Automatization which makes the task easy, comfortable, fast and efficient. The idea is to advance our traditional system to a Smart Automated System for supplying water in home gardening, farms fields, etc. In this system, we use soil wetness detector, temperature detector and humidity detector that are mounted at the root space of the plants. The values recognize by the system are conveyed to the base station. The target is to fetch data and sync those values with internet using Wifi. It notifies the user as the water level goes down below the set point. This paper shows that making use of NodeMCU we can do observing of circuit diagrams using wireless technology and shows the result using Blynk App. As it detects low wetness and warm temperature, a message is passed between NodeMCU and Blynk App and it automatically starts the motor in home gardening, farm, etc.

Smart Gardening Automation using IoT With BLYNK App

Nowadays, there is speed and diversity in scientific innovations that enter into the way of an individual’s life and make the life easier. There are many inventors of irrigation systems that rely on the control system which facilitates the way towards a solid system of irrigation. In this research, a new system is designed to monitor and operate the irrigation system. The system uses the Arduino mega 2560 enhanced with Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology so that Arduino platform allows to receive/send SMS to/from the mobile of farms/homeowner according to soil needed for water or the instructions sent by the user. The system is equipped with moisture sensors that are inserted in the soil to irrigate the plants automatically if the ground is dry or controlled by mobile using SMS messaging. The mobile of farms/homeowner can inform him if soil needs watering and in turn the farmer/householder sends an SMS message to the controller to start irrigation, and then send another SMS message to stop the irrigation after receiving an SMS message from the microcontroller that the soil saturated with water. There are probabilities to take into consideration, one of them is if the water tank is empty, which in this situation the moisture sensor inserted in the tank to inform the homeowner there is no water if empty and in turn the homeowner has sent the SMS message to microcontroller to turn ON the water pump to provide the tank with water. Another probability is rain fall; in this state, the rain drop sensor module is added to the system to stop the irrigation via SMS sent by homeowner.

Arduino Based Automatic Irrigation System: Monitoring and SMS Controlling

This paper demonstrates the efficient use of Internet of Things for the traditional agriculture. It shows the use of Arduino and ESP8266 based monitored and controlled smart irrigation systems, which is also cost-effective and simple. It is beneficial for farmers to irrigate there land conveniently by the application of automatic irrigation system. This smart irrigation system has pH sensor, water flow sensor, temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor that measure respectively and based on these sensors arduino microcontroller drives the servo motor and pump. Arduino received the information and transmitted with ESP8266 Wi-Fi module wirelessly to the website through internet. This transmitted information is monitor and control by using IOT. This enables the remote control mechanism through a secure internet web connection to the user. A website has been prepared which present the actual time values and reference values of various factors needed by crops. Users can control water pumps and sprinklers through the website and keep an eye on the reference values which will help the farmer increase production with quality crops.

Overview of ESP8266 Wi-Fi module based Smart Irrigation System using IOT

In this paper, authors have focused on controlling of hybrid energy system using IOT. There is various combination of energy and all of them are alternative to each other like solar energy, wind energy, bio fuel, fuel cell, etc. But the need of controlling of hybrid energy system arises when it is installed for domestic or commercial purpose. At this point IOT plays an important role in controlling system. The main criteria being switching between the two sources of energy i.e. solar and wind energy without any inconvenience through a website using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The data is transmitted wirelessly through website to ESP8266 module which controls the sources of energy. The transmitted data is controlled remotely using IOT. This enables user to have flexible control mechanism remotely through a secured internet web connection. This system helps the user to control the sources of energy, manually and remotely using smart phone or personal computer. This system is very efficient, cheaper and flexible in operation.

IOT based controlling of hybrid energy system using ESP8266

Renewable energy specifically winds and solar energies are playing an imperative role being connected to the utility at LV, MV or higher voltage levels. But the incorporation of wind and solar energy to the distribution grid poses power quality issues due to their stochastic nature and owing to utilization of power electronic devices. The major power quality problems are as follows: (1) Variable voltage because of stochastic nature of wind. (2) The presence of harmonic and reactive power in the grid as a result of nonlinear loads. According to equality (E) and inequality (I) constraints, the grid can be divided into five states, namely: normal, alert, emergency, extremis or restorative states. The load dispatch center (LDC) tries to be in normal state. The paper presents the widespread literature review regarding power quality affairs because of wind energy integration and the role of the LDC. Three methods to alleviate the power quality problems owing to integration of wind energy are discussed in this paper. 

Power Quality Issues with Penetration of Wind Energy and the Role of LDC: A Mini Review

Money is a fundamental requirement for every individual to meet their various needs. However, despite the growing popularity of cryptocurrency, there is a lack of literature reviews that comprehensively examine this subject. Cryptocurrency is a blockchain-based technology that operates as a decentralized digital currency. With the advancement of modernization and globalization in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, cryptocurrency has become increasingly popular. Despite its lack of physical form, it functions like traditional currencies and has a volatile exchange rate, making it appealing to traders. Transactions in cryptocurrency take place online directly between individuals without the involvement of intermediaries. However, despite its efficiency and convenience, cryptocurrency has its downsides, including the absence of a responsible authority to address transaction-related issues and the prevalence of money laundering activities. These challenges must be addressed to maximize the potential of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology in today’s globalized world.

The Evaluation of Cryptocurrency: Overview, Opportunities, and Future Directions

A commercial truck electric motor propulsion control system may require hundreds of inputs to optimize the drive torque command. As a safety-related signal, the drive torque command requires protections ensuring its integrity. Similarly, the inputs used by the control system to determine the drive torque command also require protections. To define these protections, the ISO 26262:2018 series of standards prescribe the development of safety requirements and associated Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASILs). Safety requirements ensure safe system output, in part, by protecting system inputs. Satisfying these safety requirements to their ASILs adds complexity and cost to commercial truck electric motor propulsion control systems. The greater the safety-related signal count, the greater the complexity and cost added.This paper introduces a standardized 5-step approach to defining tolerances for the drive torque command within which drive torque causes neither unintended acceleration nor unintended deceleration hazards. First, derive a simplified drive torque calculation (SDTC) as the basis for the tolerance. The SDTC utilizes only a small subset of the inputs used to determine the optimized drive torque command (ODTC). Second, determine the maximum difference between optimized and simplified drive torque during un-faulted truck operation using model-in-the-loop (MIL) simulations. Third, determine the ODTC error required for the onset of unintended acceleration and unintended deceleration hazards using vehicle-level simulations. Fourth, express the drive torque command tolerance formulaically using results from steps 1 through 3. Fifth and finally, validate the drive torque command tolerance by determining truck acceleration and deceleration during vehicle-level fault insertion testing. Using the simplified drive torque calculation as the basis for drive torque command tolerance supports ISO 26262 compliance while reducing the number of safety-related input signals. Thereby, this standardized method reduces the complexity and cost for implementing safe commercial truck electric motor propulsion control systems.

Mitigating Unintended Acceleration and Deceleration Hazards by Defining Drive Torque Command Tolerance Criteria for Commercial Truck Electric Motor Propulsion Control Systems

Prakhar Srivastava

Papers

Overview of ESP8266 Wi-Fi module based Smart Irrigation System using IOT

IOT based controlling of hybrid energy system using ESP8266

Power Quality Issues with Penetration of Wind Energy and the Role of LDC: A Mini Review

The Evaluation of Cryptocurrency: Overview, Opportunities, and Future Directions

Mitigating Unintended Acceleration and Deceleration Hazards by Defining Drive Torque Command Tolerance Criteria for Commercial Truck Electric Motor Propulsion Control Systems