Carcinoma of the prostate gland is peculiarly favorable for endocrine investigation since frequent serial observations of the activity of phosphatases in serum were found to provide objective indices of activity of the neo/~i~m when the enzymes were increased in amount above normal. In the present paper data are given for the values of serum phosphatases in carcinoma of the prostate and in normal men. We shall demonstrate that the acid phosphatase of serum is reduced in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate by decreasing the activity of androgens through castration or estrogenic injections and that this enzyme is increased by injecting androgens. We have been unable to find previous observations indicating any relationship of hormones to carcinoma of the prostate gland. An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing phosphoric esters was discovered by Grosser and Husler (4) in intestinal mucosa and kidney. Robison (16) found that this enzyme was particularly high in activity in growing bone and cartilage and that its activity was greatest at pH 9 to 9.5. This ~alkaline phosphatase," was found by Kay (9) to be increased in the serum in certain bone diseases including metastasis of neoplasms to bone and later work has shown that among these conditions is carcinoma of the prostate. Davies (3) and Bamann and Riedel (1) discovered that there occurs in the spleen and kidney of swine and cattle, in addition to the alkaline phosphatase, a phosphatase with an activity maximum at pH 4.8. An enzyme believed to be identical with this "acid phosphatase" was found by Kutscher and Wolbergs (11) to be present in very large amount in the human prostate gland. This finding of great activity of acid phosphatase in the prostate gland was confirmed and extended to include prostatic cancer by Gutman, Sproul, and Gutman (7). The serum of certain patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma was found by Gutman and Gutman (6) and Barringer and Woodard (2) to exhibit increased acid phosphatase activity. Robinson, Gutman, and Gutman'~I5) summarized the acid phosphatase activity levels of 44 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. They concluded that a marked rise in acid phosphatase in serum is associated with the appearance or spread of roentgenologically demonstrable skeletal metastases and implies dissemination of the primary tumor and thus is of unfavorable prognostic significance. METttODS AND MATERIALS

Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate

Studies on prostatic cancer

Amino Acid Incorporation into Protein by Cell-free Systems from Rat Skeletal Muscle. IV. Effects of Animal Age, Androgens, and Anabolic Agents on Activity of Muscle Ribosomes*

Some effects of testosterone and testosterone‐propionate in the rat

An outline of progress on the male hormone problem might be as follows: a) the demonstration by Berthold (1), in 1849, of an internal secretory action by the testis; b) emphasis directed towards hormone secretion and its function between 1900–1920 (2); c) the first successful extraction of the hormone from testicular tissue in 1927 by McGee (3); d) the crystallization of a male hormone, androsterone, from human urine by Butenandt in 1931 (4); e) the preparation in 1934 of androsterone by synthetic means from cholesterol by Ruzicka (5); f) the preparation in 1935 of a crystalline male hormone, testosterone, from fresh testicular tissue by David, Dingemanse, Freud and Laqueur (6); g) the preparation by synthetic means of testosterone in 1935 by Butenandt and Hanish (7) and Ruzicka and Wettstein (8) as well as the preparation of many other substances possessing androgenic activity (for review see 9). In addition, many facts have accumulated with regard to proper indicators for male hormone, perfection of met...

Some effects of synthetically prepared male hormone (androsterone) in the rat12

The aim of the present study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Madhuca bourdillonii extracts and demonstrate its biological activities. The results of phytochemical analysis showed that the leaf water extract consists of more amount of total phenolics and tannins respectively of 7.4 mg of gallic acid/g and 113.28 mg%. Flavonoid content was found to be more in water extract of bark amounting to 40.73 mg of quercetin/g while the acetone extract of leaves showed more amounts of alkaloids accounting to 30.25 mg%. All the extracts of leaves and stems were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic fungi using agar disc diffusion as well as well diffusion assays and subsequently MIC and MBC values were determined. Among all the bacteria tested, S. flexneri was most susceptible in both the assays exhibiting a zone of inhibition of 12.4 mm & 14.2 mm and 12.2 mm & 14.6 mm respectively for water and acetone extracts of bark. The IC50 values were found to be in the range of 4.52 - 31.34 mg/ml for all the tested bacteria. Among the fungal species tested, C. albicans was found to be susceptible with a zone of inhibition of 7.63 mm for bark water extract in disc diffusion assay and 12.36 mm with leaf ethanol extract in well diffusion assay. The IC50 values were found to be 12.37 - 31.65 mg/ml for C. albicans and F. oxysporium. The results show that Madhuca bourdillonii has excellent anti-bacterial properties which might help the development of novel lead drugs for treatment of various diseases.

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Papers

Some effects of synthetically prepared male hormone (androsterone) in the rat12

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals and Anti-microbial Activity of Madhuca bourdillonii (Gamble) Lam.