Milky White Mushroom is a species of edible mushroom native to India. The Purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and anticancer compounds from Calocybe indica. The ethanolic extract from Calocybe indica were prepared. GC-MS was performed and the major bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, amino acids, sterols, phytol, and squalene were determined. Calocybe indica was analyzed for their antioxidant activity through In vitro assays such as Free radical activity on DPPH, Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, Nitric Oxide scavenging assay, Superoxide scavenging assay. Anti-inflammatory effect was estimated by protein denaturation inhibition assay, Proteinase inhibition assay, Cyclooxygenase inhibition assay and Lipoxygenase inhibition assay. Anticancer activity of Calocybe indica extract showed maximum inhibition of 69.11% of growth of human breast cancer cell (MCF 7) at 100μg/ml exposure for about 72 hours. At the end of this study, it was indicated that ethanolic extract of Calocybe indica can be used as an anti- inflammatory and anticancer agent.

GC-MS Identification of Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Metabolites in Edible Milky White Mushroom (Calocybe indica) against Human Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells

Filamentous fungi are eukaryotic protein factories having greater relevance in the modern day food and pharmaceutical industries. They are known for their astounding potential towards biodegradation and mineralization of xenobiotics and lignocellulosics. This unique Kingdom of organisms play an inevitable role in environmental cleanup and make up, adapting themselves by way of regulating their bound and secretary proteins. They make changes in the proteome composition and provide exciting opportunities in food, feed, biofuel, pharmaceutical and agroindustries. Overview of proteomic strategies in filamentous fungi with respect to extracellular proteomes, enzymes or secretomes will have greater relevance to understand the bio-based processes, such as biomass deconstruction and mycoremediation, wherein fungi are primarily involved. Scientists of “Proteogenomics Era” try to use customized protein sequence databases to identify novel peptides in filamentous fungi. Proteomics techniques can help to elucidate complex biological processes and are considered as powerful tools for the sensitive detection and rapid identification of filamentous fungi through protein expression understanding the interaction between fungal pathogen and host plant is more challenging. The expression of protein profiles in such cases is much complicated due to the presence of proteomes of two different species simultaneously, either at the infection court or at a remote place inside the partnering organisms. When the plant and its associated fungal biome is subjected to genomic analysis, the power of proteomics remains to be the chosen tool to unravel the molecular pathways of pathogencity and resistance. Sometimes, in a compatible partnership like in mycorrhiza, the proteomics tools and techniques help to understand the symbiotic relationship. Experimental designs have also progressed extensively towards organelle proteomics and the knowledge on localization of proteins is of overriding importance to understand functions of various proteins at sub-cellular level. Organelle proteomics has gained insights in to compartmentalization and localization that exists in a fungal cell with respect to protein secretomes (e.g. production and process control of antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes etc.,). Bioinformatics tools can help in the quantitative and qualitative estimation of such proteins to look beyond harnessing the full potential of filamentous fungi.

Perspectives of secretome proteomics in filamentous fungi.

Macrophomina phaseolina is the most devastating disease in all the urdbean growing districts of Tamil Nadu. An experiment was conducted to study the influence of temperature and pH on the growth of three isolates of M. phaseolina collected from major urdbean growing areas of Tuticorin district. Among the three isolates, M. phaseolina isolate 2 was the most virulent isolate. The pathogen grew well at 35 °C and no growth to very minimal growth was observed at 40 °C. The pathogen grew faster at pH 4 and 5 and gradually decreased at pH 6 and 7. Thus this experiment reveals that M. phaseolina grows well in acidic pH (4 and 5) and high temperature at 35 °C.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue3/PartAZ/8-3-378-750.pdf

Studies on various factors influencing growth and pathogenicity of Macrophomina phaseolina in blackgram

Comparison of Colony Morphology, Sporophore Characters and Yield Performance of Wild and Cultivated Milky Mushroom Isolates

DETECTION AND MAPPING OF QTLs FOR CHARCOAL ROT RESISTANCE AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SORGHUM [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]

Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C) is one among the prevalent edible tropical mushrooms cultivated in India. It is well known that secretion of lignocellulolytic enzymes in mushrooms play an important role in degradation of agroresidues but it is understood that certain enzymes are also related to morphogenesis of mushrooms. In this regard, the present study was undertaken to study the function of morphogenesis related enzymes viz., mannitol dehydrogenase (MtDH), xylanase, laccase, tyrosinase and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities at seven different growth stages viz., pinhead, tiny button, button, I elongation, II elongation, maturation, complete maturation both in pileus and stipe of Calocybe indica var. APK2 and CBE-TNAU-1523 wild isolate. The results indicated that activity of MtDH, xylanase, laccase, tyrosinase and LOX in the mushroom is found to be maximum at stage five (II elongation) followed by stage four (I elongation) and the rate of increase in activity was higher from stage one to stage five in pileus when compared to stipe in both APK2 variety and CBE-TNAU-1523 wild strain of Calocybe indica. Among, all the enzymes assayed, the activity of xylanase was recorded maximum at all the seven stages of mushroom growth followed by lipoxygenase activity. Maximum activity of xylanase was recorded in pileus of APK2 variety and CBE-TNAU-1523 wild strain (3.514μmoles/min/g and 3.551μmoles/min/g, respectively) when compared to stipe.

https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue5/PartAK/6-5-405-799.pdf

Profiling of morphogenesis related enzymes of milky mushroom Calocybe indica (P & C)

Blackgram is subjected to different biotic constraints, root rot being the serious one. The root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated from the diseased stems and roots of blackgram collected from seven different places of Tamil Nadu. Among the seven isolates screened, K2m7 collected from Kallipatti in Namakkal district was identified as a virulent culture. Variability among the seven M.phaseolina isolates analyzed by RAPD-PCR technique, grouped them into two clusters. Cluser A had six isolates and cluster B had one isolate.

https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue6/PartA/7-5-105-548.pdf

Studies on Pathogen Variability in Blackgram root rot by Macrophomina phaseolina

The volatilomes of both fresh and dried samples of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C var. APK2) were characterized with GCMS/MS. The gas chromatogram was performed with the ethanolic extract of the samples. The results revealed the presence of increased levels of 1, 4:3, 6-Dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose (57.77%) in the fresh and oleic acid (56.58%) in the dried fruiting bodies. The other important fatty acid components identified both in fresh and dried milky mushroom samples were octadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid, which are known for their specific fatty or cucumber like aroma and flavour. The aroma quality of dried samples differed from that of fresh ones with increased levels of n- hexadecenoic acid (peak area - 8.46 %) compared to 0.38% in fresh samples. In addition, α-D-Glucopyranose (18.91%) and ergosterol (5.5%) have been identified in fresh and dried samples respectively. The presence of increased levels of ergosterol indicates the availability of antioxidants and anticancer biomolecules in milky mushroom, which needs further exploration. The presence of α-D-Glucopyranose (trehalose) components reveals the chemo attractive nature of the biopolymers of milky mushroom, which can be utilized to enhance the bioavailability of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical preparations.

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue3/PartF/5-3-62-257.pdf

Priyadharshini Bhupathi

Papers

Profiling of morphogenesis related enzymes of milky mushroom Calocybe indica (P & C)

Studies on Pathogen Variability in Blackgram root rot by Macrophomina phaseolina

Comparison of Colony Morphology, Sporophore Characters and Yield Performance of Wild and Cultivated Milky Mushroom Isolates

Volatilomes of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C) estimated through GCMS/MS