https://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/doc/579864/1/PA09005.pdf

Nanocomposites for food packaging applications

The current demands of the world’s biotechnological industries are enhancement in enzyme productivity and development of novel techniques for increasing their shelf life. These requirements are inevitable to facilitate large-scale and economic formulation. Enzyme immobilization provides an excellent base for increasing availability of enzyme to the substrate with greater turnover over a considerable period of time. Several natural and synthetic supports have been assessed for their efficiency for enzyme immobilization. Nowadays, immobilized enzymes are preferred over their free counterpart due to their prolonged availability that curtails redundant downstream and purification processes. Future investigations should endeavor at adopting logistic and sensible entrapment techniques along with innovatively modified supports to improve the state of enzyme immobilization and provide new perspectives to the industrial sector.

/pdf/enzyme-immobilization-an-overview-on-techniques-and-support-23u8nfucrt.pdf

Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials.

The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2015.1008192

An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes

Composites of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are materials that utilize conjugated polymers and at least one secondary component that can be inorganic or organic materials or biologically active species. The goal is to produce a new composite material that has distinct properties that were not observed in the individual components. This may include either new or improved chemical properties that can be exploited for chemical or biological sensing. For example, adding carbon nanotubes tends to drastically influence the electrical and thermal conductivity of ICPs. A secondary aspect concerns the stabilization of the secondary component in the polymer matrix. Enhanced optical, electrical, or mechanical properties such as stiffness and strength are common. In some cases, the physical and chemical properties of the secondary component are much different after composite formation. For the purpose of this review we will primarily focus on the ICPs such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene and their derivatives. The resonance-stabilized structure of ICPs allows, for example, incorporation of ions, nanoparticles, or nanowires of metals, metal oxides, carbon, or molecular species such as metallophthalocyanines or biologically active components such as enzymes, antibodies, and antigens. 1 I some cases, the ICP will simply act as a template for the incorporation of the secondary component. In that case, the secondary component will impart the chemical properties required for chemical sensing. In other cases the materials are linked through electrostatic interactions which influence the electronic and physical properties of the materials used to prepare the composite.

Composites of Intrinsically Conducting Polymers as Sensing Nanomaterials

http://www.wanglab-tsinghua.com/pdf/2010MT_II.pdf

Electrospun nanomaterials for ultrasensitive sensors.

A novel technique for enzyme immobilization on the surface of the Au electrode for designing amperometric biosensor by electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and glucose oxidase (GOD) is presented in this paper. The immobilized GOD remained active inside the electrospun PVA fibrous membranes. The membranes are promising candidates for immobilization of enzymes because of their high specific surface area and porous structure. The infrared spectrum, the UV–Vis spectrum, and the scanning electronic microscope of the membranes showed that the enzyme had been immobilized inside the PVA membranes. Chronoamperometric measurements demonstrated that electrospun fibrous enzymatic electrodes exhibited a rapid response (1 s) and a higher response current (μA level) to glucose in the normal and diabetic level. The linear response range (from 1 to 10 mM) and the lower detection limit (0.05 mM) of the sensor are satisfying. The electrospun method makes it convenient and efficient to prepare the enzymatic electrode for biosensors.

Electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol)/glucose oxidase biocomposite membranes for biosensor applications

Self-assembly of polyaniline-grafted chitosan/glucose oxidase nanolayered films for electrochemical biosensor applications

Layer by layer self-assembly immobilization of glucose oxidase onto chitosan-graft-polyaniline polymers

Electrochemical Deposition of Composite Films Composed of Polyaniline and Chitosan for Biosensor Applications

Factor graph is a graph representing the factorization of a probability distribution function, and has been utilized in many autonomous machine computing tasks, such as localization, tracking, planning and control etc. We are developing an architecture with the goal of using factor graph as a common abstraction for most, if not, all autonomous machine computing tasks. If successful, the architecture would provide a very simple interface of mapping autonomous machine functions to the underlying compute hardware. As a first step of such an attempt, this paper presents our most recent work of developing a factor graph accelerator for LiDAR-Inertial Odometry (LIO), an essential task in many autonomous machines, such as autonomous vehicles and mobile robots. By modeling LIO as a factor graph, the proposed accelerator not only supports multi-sensor fusion such as LiDAR, inertial measurement unit (IMU), GPS, etc., but solves the global optimization problem of robot navigation in batch or incremental modes. Our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed design significantly improves the real-time performance and energy efficiency of autonomous machine navigation systems. The initial success suggests the potential of generalizing the factor graph architecture as a common abstraction for autonomous machine computing, including tracking, planning, and control etc.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3508352.3561112

Qiang Liu

Papers

Electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol)/glucose oxidase biocomposite membranes for biosensor applications

Self-assembly of polyaniline-grafted chitosan/glucose oxidase nanolayered films for electrochemical biosensor applications

Layer by layer self-assembly immobilization of glucose oxidase onto chitosan-graft-polyaniline polymers

Electrochemical Deposition of Composite Films Composed of Polyaniline and Chitosan for Biosensor Applications

Factor Graph Accelerator for LiDAR-Inertial Odometry (Invited Paper)