Acrylamide-induced mitochondria collapse and apoptosis in human astrocytoma cells

Acrylamide (AA) is a common chemical, produced during food processing and widely used in various industries and laboratory processes. Thus, AA causes a significant risk for human and animal health. Recently published studies have suggested that reproductive toxicity of AA and glycidamide (GA) was mainly due to the oxidative stress which can lead to cell apoptosis. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of oxidative stress on the apoptosis of mouse Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells induced by AA and its metabolite GA. TM3 and TM4 cells were exposed to AA (10 µM and 1 mM) and GA (1 µM and 0.5 mM) for 24 h. Following the exposure time, the Leydig and Sertoli cells were evaluated for measurement of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase activity, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide levels, apoptosis/necrosis rate, and mRNA expression levels of apoptotic genes (caspase3, Bcl-2, Bax, and p53). The present study showed that AA and GA exposure caused decrease in cell viability and increase in excessive oxidative stress and apoptosis in both cell types. In conclusion, our in vitro results demonstrate that oxidative stress probably plays a major role in AA- and GA-induced apoptosis of Leydig and Sertoli cells.

Evidence of acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in Leydig and Sertoli cells.

As a potent neurotoxic agent, acrylamide (ACR) is formed in food processing at higher temperature. Taurine (TAU), a nonessential amino acid, is used to cure neurodegenerative disorders, followed by activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. In this article, we certified that antiapoptotic efficacy of TAU in vivo and vitro. ACR-treated rats received TAU by drinking water 2 weeks after ACR intoxication. The results showed that in treated rats, TAU alleviated ACR-induced neuronal apoptosis, which was associated with the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. TAU attenuated apoptosis caused by ACR through observing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, measure of protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 activity. TAU-induced antiapoptotic effect is PI3K/AKT-dependent, which was proved in ACR-intoxicated ventral spinal cord 4.1 cells in the presence of AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. Therefore, our results demonstrated that TAU-attenuated ACR-induced apoptosis in vivo through a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner provided new sights in the molecular mechanism of TAU protection against ACR-induced neurotoxicity.

Taurine attenuates acrylamide-induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner:

Background/Objective: The modulation of the toxic effects of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) on the liver by apoptosis was investigated. Fisher-344 (F344) rats were exposed to various concentrations of 2AA for 14 and 28 days. The arylamine 2AA is an aromatic hydrocarbon employed in manufacturing chemicals, dyes, inks, and it is also a curing agent in epoxy resins and polyurethanes. 2AA has been detected in tobacco smoke and cooked foods. Methods: Analysis of total messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) extracts from liver for apoptosis-related gene expression changes in apoptosis enhancing nuclease (AEN), Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX), CASP3, Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), murine double minute-2 p53 binding protein homolog (MDM2), tumor protein p53 (p53), and GAPDH genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was coupled with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase-3 (Casp3) activity assays. Results: Specific apoptosis staining result does not seem to show significant difference between control and treated animals. This may be due to freeze-thaw artifacts observed in the liver samples. However, there appears to be a greater level of apoptosis in medium- and high-dose (MD and HD) 2AA treated animals. Analyses of apoptosis-related genes seem to show AEN and BAX as the main targets in the induction of apoptosis in response to 2AA exposure, though p53, MDM2, and JUN may play supporting roles. Conclusion: Dose-dependent increases in mRNA expression were observed in all genes except Casp3. BAX was very highly expressed in the HD rats belonging to the 2-week exposure group. This trend was not observed in the animals treated for 4 weeks. Instead, AEN was rather very highly expressed in the liver of the MD animals that were treated with 2AA for 28 days.

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Time‑Dependent Regulation of Apoptosis by AEN and BAX in Response to 2‑Aminoanthracene Dietary Consumption

Objective To investigate the cell cycle,cell apoptosis and DNA damage induced by acrylamide (AA)in L-02 human liver embryo cell lineMethods The rate of cell survivors,cell cycle,cell apoptosis and DNA damage were measured respectively after L-02 cell were exposed to 001,01,05,10,25,50 and 75mmol/L AA for 12h and 24h in vitroResults The rates of cellular survivors in the low (001mmol/L and 01mmol/) dose AA-treated group were higher than those in control group,but those in the middle (05,10 and 25mmol/L) and high (50mmol/L and 75mmol/L) dose AA-treated groups were significantly lower than those in control group (P005) The rate of cell in G1 stage was reduced along with the promotion of AA,and the middle and high (10 mmol/L) dose AA-treated groups were significantly lower than the control group (P005),while the rate of cell in S stage was in reverse The percentages of apoptosis were significantly higher than that of the control group in the high dose AA-treated groups (P005) The percents of tail DNA and Oliver Tail Moment (OTM) were significantly higher than that of the control group in the middle and high (10 mmol/L) dose AA-treated groups (P005)Conclusion AA could induce the confusion and apoptosis of L-02 cell,and has impairment effect on DNA

[Study on DNA damage in L-02 cell induced by acrylamide].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the cell apoptosis and expressions of c-fos and c-jun proteins induced by acrylamide (AA) in L-02 human liver embryo cell. METHODS The cell survival rate, cell apoptosis and protein expressions of c-fos and c-jun were measured respectively after L-02 cell were exposed to different final concentration of AA (low: 0.01, 0.1 mmol/l; middle: 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 mmol/l; high: 5.0, 7.5 mmol/l) for 12 h and 24 h, respectively. RESULTS The cell survival rate in the low dose AA-treated group was higher than that in the control group, but the high dose AA-treated groups demonstrated a significantly lower cell survival rate than the control group (P < 0.05). The percentages of apoptosis were significantly higher than that of the control group in the high dose AA-treated groups (P < 0.05). The expressions of c-fos and c-jun of AA-treated group were higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the expressions increased first and then decreased with the AA exaltation; furthermore, the expressions also raised along with the exprosure time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION AA can induce the apoptosis of L-02 cell and high protein expressions of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes.

[Effects of acrylamide on the protein expressions of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes in cell L-02].

Background Cardiac power (CP; CP = 0.222 × cardiac output × mean blood pressure) output in patients with heart failure has been studied previously, but its importance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the role of normalized CP (normalized CP = CP/ventricle mass) in assessing cardiac function in patients with HCM with normal ejection fraction using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 99 patients with HCM who underwent CMR from December 2020 to January 2022 at Beijing Anzhen Hospital, and these patients were classified into heart failure or non-heart failure subgroups. Meanwhile, a control group comprising 65 gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers was also enrolled. The baseline clinical characteristics and cardiac functional parameters were compared between the patients with HCM and the controls, and multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between normalized CP and the relevant factors. Results Significantly higher CP (1.19 vs. 1.01 W; P=0.03) but lower normalized CP (0.73 vs. 1.12 W/100 g; P<0.001) were found in patients with HCM as compared with the controls. Multivariable analysis showed that HCM correlated well with normalized CP [β=−0.235; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.341 to −0.129; P<0.001]. In the HCM group, there were 34 cases with heart failure and 65 with non-heart failure, and the patients with HCM with heart failure showed similar CP (1.14 vs. 1.24 W; P=0.06) but significantly lower normalized CP (0.54 vs. 0.78 W/100 g; P<0.001). The correlation analysis of normalized CP and functional parameters revealed that normalized CP was inversely correlated with left ventricle mass/body surface area (R=−0.509; 95% CI: −0.646 to −0.341; P<0.001) in patients with HCM. Conclusions Normalized CP decreased significantly and was negatively correlated with ventricle mass, indicating impaired cardiac pump function in patients with HCM. Normalized CP might play a critical role in detecting and evaluating impaired cardiac pump function in patients with HCM with preserved ejection fraction.

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Impaired cardiac pump function assessment with normalized cardiac power using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Based on the drilling results of the Taishen-1 well in the Sanhu area in the Qaidam Basin, the study proposed new findings on the conditions of source rock, reservoir, and overlaying strata, as well as accumulation characteristics for biogenic gas. Further, the controlling factors of biogenic gas accumulation as well as two favorable zones for exploration were identified based on the comparison of drilling results and geological findings in adjacent areas. The result of the study showed that: (1) the biogenic gas source rock in the Sanhu area is lacustrine dark mudstone, and the LLTOC (lower limit of total organic carbon) in Q1+2 (the Qigequan Formation) and N (the Neogene) is 0.25% and 0.40%; (2) the ‘self-generation and self-storage’ source-reservoir combination developed across all the formations due to the absence of faults and the development of mudstone; (3) the controlling factors of gas accumulation in the studied area include the limit of burial depth, the methane yield, and climate conditions. The failure of the Taishen-1 well owes to the fact that the gas generated failed to support the demand for gas accumulation; (4) influenced by the southward movement of gas-containing groundwater from the high potential area in the north, the biogenic gas reservoirs are distributed in the northern slope and the central sag of the Sanhu depression, and the lower limit of exploration depth of the biogenic gas reservoirs is about 2119 m; (5) two favorable zones were selected for natural gas exploration: the Upper Tertiary thermogenic gas-bearing Yahu-Sebei area and the biogenic gas-bearing Tainan-Sebei area.

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Qing Li

Papers

[Study on DNA damage in L-02 cell induced by acrylamide].

[Effects of acrylamide on the protein expressions of c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes in cell L-02].

Impaired cardiac pump function assessment with normalized cardiac power using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Distribution of Biogenic Gas Reservoirs and Optimization of Favorable Zones in the Sanhu Area, Qaidam Basin, China