to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application:

Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data

http://apsychoserver.psychofizz.psych.arizona.edu/JJBAReprints/PSYC501A/Readings/Polich_2007_Clin_Neurophys_Review_P3s.pdf

Updating P300: An Integrative Theory of P3a and P3b

Background Clinical trials have established the efficacy of ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In addition, bevacizumab is used off-label to treat AMD, despite the absence of similar supporting data. Methods In a multicenter, single-blind, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 1208 patients with neovascular AMD to receive intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab on either a monthly schedule or as needed with monthly evaluation. The primary outcome was the mean change in visual acuity at 1 year, with a noninferiority limit of 5 letters on the eye chart. Results Bevacizumab administered monthly was equivalent to ranibizumab administered monthly, with 8.0 and 8.5 letters gained, respectively. Bevacizumab administered as needed was equivalent to ranibizumab as needed, with 5.9 and 6.8 letters gained, respectively. Ranibizumab as needed was equivalent to monthly ranibizumab, although the comparison between bevacizumab as needed and monthly bevacizumab was inconclusive. The mean decrease in central retinal thickness was greater in the ranibizumab-monthly group (196 μm) than in the other groups (152 to 168 μm, P=0.03 by analysis of variance). Rates of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke were similar for patients receiving either bevacizumab or ranibizumab (P>0.20). The proportion of patients with serious systemic adverse events (primarily hospitalizations) was higher with bevacizumab than with ranibizumab (24.1% vs. 19.0%; risk ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.66), with excess events broadly distributed in disease categories not identified in previous studies as areas of concern. Conclusions At 1 year, bevacizumab and ranibizumab had equivalent effects on visual acuity when administered according to the same schedule. Ranibizumab given as needed with monthly evaluation had effects on vision that were equivalent to those of ranibizumab administered monthly. Differences in rates of serious adverse events require further study. (Funded by the National Eye Institute; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00593450.).

/pdf/ranibizumab-and-bevacizumab-for-neovascular-age-related-7eskj9tklx.pdf

Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Event-related potentials ~ERPs! recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.

/pdf/guidelines-for-using-human-event-related-potentials-to-study-4ls0lbji26.pdf

Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recording standards and publication criteria

https://www.mstech-eyes.com/catalog/pdf/general/E-ETDRS%20Correlation%20Study.pdf

A computerized method of visual acuity testing: Adaptation of the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study testing protocol

The Type I and II error properties of the t test were evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo study that sampled 8 real distribution shapes identified by Micceri (1986, 1989) as being representative of types encountered in psychology and education research

A more realistic look at the robustness and Type II error properties of the t test to departures from population normality.

Objective To evaluate the reliability of a new visual acuity testing protocol for children using isolated surrounded HOTV optotypes. Methods After initial pilot testing and modification, the protocol was evaluated using the Baylor-Video Acuity Tester (BVAT) to present isolated surrounded HOTV optotypes. At 6 sites, the protocol was evaluated for testability in 178 children aged 2 to 7 years and for reliability in a subset of 88 children. Twenty-eight percent of the 178 children were classified as having amblyopia. Results Using the modified protocol, testability ranged from 24% in 2-year-olds to 96% in 5- to 7-year-olds. Test-retest reliability was high ( r = 0.82), with 93% of retest scores within 0.1 logMAR unit of the initial test score. The 95% confidence interval for an acuity score was calculated to be the score ±0.125 logMAR unit. For a change between 2 acuity scores, the 95% confidence interval was the difference ±0.18 logMAR unit. Conclusions The visual acuity protocol had a high level of testability in 3- to 7-year-olds and excellent test-retest reliability. The protocol has been incorporated into the multicenter Amblyopia Treatment Study and has wide potential application for standardizing visual acuity testing in children.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/267839/EEB00025.pdf

The amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol.

Computer generated Monte Carlo techniques were used to compare the power of Wilcoxon's rank-sum test to the power of the two independent meanst test for situations in which samples were drawn from ...

/pdf/a-comparison-of-the-power-of-wilcoxon-s-rank-sum-statistic-1uswrq05to.pdf

R. Clifford Blair

Papers

A computerized method of visual acuity testing: Adaptation of the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study testing protocol

A more realistic look at the robustness and Type II error properties of the t test to departures from population normality.

The amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol.

A Comparison of the Power of Wilcoxon's Rank-Sum Statistic to that of Student'st Statistic Under Various Nonnormal Distributions

Comparison of the power of the paired samples t test to that of Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test under various population shapes.