The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10^(12)) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.

https://www.esd.ornl.gov/benefits_conference/nature_paper.pdf

The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital

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Using Multivariate Statistics

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Objective:To provide an update to the “Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock,” last published in 2008.Design:A consensus committee of 68 international experts representing 30 international organizations was convened. Nominal groups were assembled at ke

Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

http://portal.nceas.ucsb.edu/working_group/ebm-matrix/pdf-reprints/de%20Groot_2002.pdf/attachment_download/file

A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services

Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen causing invasive diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. The burden of disease is highest in the youngest and oldest sections of the population in both more and less developed countries. The treatment of pneumococcal infections is complicated by the worldwide emergence in pneumococci of resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics. Pneumococcal disease is preceded by asymptomatic colonisation, which is especially high in children. The current seven-valent conjugate vaccine is highly effective against invasive disease caused by the vaccine-type strains. However, vaccine coverage is limited, and replacement by non-vaccine serotypes resulting in disease is a serious threat for the near future. Therefore, the search for new vaccine candidates that elicit protection against a broader range of pneumococcal strains is important. Several surface-associated protein vaccines are currently under investigation. Another important issue is whether the aim should be to prevent pneumococcal disease by eradication of nasopharyngeal colonisation, or to prevent bacterial invasion leaving colonisation relatively unaffected and hence preventing the occurrence of replacement colonisation and disease. To illustrate the importance of pneumococcal colonisation in relation to pneumococcal disease and prevention of disease, we discuss the mechanism and epidemiology of colonisation, the complexity of relations within and between species, and the consequences of the different preventive strategies for pneumococcal colonisation.

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease.

Spatial scales, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services

The 245-page report lays out the approaches, assumptions, processes, and parameters scientists are using in the study. It offers decision-makers a mechanism to identify options that can better achieve core human development and sustainability goals and better understand the trade-offs in decisions about development and the environment.

R. de Groot

Papers

A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services

Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease.

Spatial scales, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment