Interpretation theory in applied geophysics: Grant, F S ... Interpretation theory in applied geophysics Unknown Binding – January 1, 1965 5.0 out of 5 stars 1 rating. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. The Amazon Book Review Book recommendations, author interviews, editors' picks, and more. Read it now. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a ...

Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics Grant (McGraw-Hill, 140s.)

At the watershed scale, soil moisture is the major control for rainfall–runoff response, especially where saturation excess runoff processes dominate. From the ecological point of view, the pools of soil moisture are fundamental ecosystem resources providing the transpirable water for plants. In drylands particularly, soil moisture is one of the major controls on the structure, function, and diversity in ecosystems. In terms of the global hydrological cycle, the overall quantity of soil moisture is small, ∼0.05%; however, its importance to the global energy balance and the distribution of precipitation far outweighs its physical amount. In soils it governs microbial activity that affects important biogeochemical processes such as nitrification and CO2 production via respiration. During the past 20 years, technology has advanced considerably, with the development of different electrical sensors for determining soil moisture at a point. However, modeling of watersheds requires areal averages. As a result, point measurements and modeling grid cell data requirements are generally incommensurate. We review advances in sensor technology, particularly emerging geophysical methods and distributed sensors, aimed at bridging this gap. We consider some of the data analysis methods for upscaling from a point to give an areal average. Finally, we conclude by offering a vision for future research, listing many of the current scientific and technical challenges.

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Soil Moisture Measurement for Ecological and Hydrological Watershed-Scale Observatories: A Review

The magnetic method, perhaps the oldest of geophysical exploration techniques, blossomed after the advent of airborne surveys in World War II. With improvements in instrumentation, navigation, and platform compensation, it is now possible to map the entire crustal section at a variety of scales, from strongly magnetic basement at regional scale to weakly magnetic sedimentary contacts at local scale. Methods of data filtering, display, and interpretation have also advanced, especially with the availability of low-cost, high-performance personal computers and color raster graphics. The magnetic method is the primary exploration tool in the search for minerals. In other arenas, the magnetic method has evolved from its sole use for mapping basement structure to include a wide range of new applications, such as locating intrasedimentary faults, defining subtle lithologic contacts, mapping salt domes in weakly magnetic sediments, and better defining targets through 3D inversion. These new applications have increased the method’s utility in all realms of exploration — in the search for minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, and groundwater, and for a variety of other purposes such as natural hazards assessment, mapping impact structures, and engineering and environmental studies.

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The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration

We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three-dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods

Timing, kinematics and cause of Aegean extension: a scenario based on a comparison with simple analogue experiments

The gravity method was the first geophysical technique to be used in oil and gas exploration. Despite being eclipsed by seismology, it has continued to be an important and sometimes crucial constraint in a number of exploration areas. In oil exploration the gravity method is particularly applicable in salt provinces, overthrust and foothills belts, underexplored basins, and targets of interest that underlie high-velocity zones. The gravity method is used frequently in mining applications to map subsurface geology and to directly calculate ore reserves for some massive sulfide orebodies. There is also a modest increase in the use of gravity techniques in specialized investigations for shallow targets. Gravimeters have undergone continuous improvement during the past 25 years, particularly in their ability to function in a dynamic environment. This and the advent of

Historical development of the gravity method in exploration

The extended Euler deconvolution algorithm is shown to be a generalization and unification of 2-D Euler deconvolution and Werner deconvolution. After recasting the extended Euler algorithm in a way that suggests a natural generalization to three dimensions, we show that the 3-D extension can be realized using generalized Hilbert transforms. The resulting algorithm is both a generalization of extended Euler deconvolution to three dimensions and a 3-D extension of Werner deconvolution. At a practical level, the new algorithm helps stabilize the Euler algorithm by providing at each point three equations rather than one. We illustrate the algorithm by explicit calculation for the potential of a vertical magnetic dipole.

Unification of Euler and Werner deconvolution in three dimensions via the generalized Hilbert transform

Potential-field anomalies can be transformed into special functions that form peaks and ridges over isolated sources. All special functions have a common mathematical form over an isolated source, which leads to a common equation for estimating the source depth from the peak value and the curvature at the peak. Model-specific special functions, usually calculated from a transformed version of a potential field, are used to estimate the locations of very specific source types. Model-independent special functions calculated from an observed or transformed potential field can be used to estimate the locations of a variety of source types. Vertical integration is a particularly useful transformation for reducing the effects of noise and increasing the coherency of solutions from model-independent special functions. For gridded data, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the curvature matrix associated with a quadratic surface that is fitted to a special function within 3 × 3 windows can be used to locate the so...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1071/ASEG2006ab134

The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation*

Over the past 24 years, the gravity fields of homogeneous polyhedra have been studied extensively (Paul, 1974; Barnett, 1976; Okabe, 1979; Golizdra, 1981; Strakhov et al., 1986a, 1986b; Gotze and Lahmeyer, 1988; Pohanka, 1988; Ivan, 1990; Pohanka, 1990; Holstein and Ketteridge, 1996). This intensive scrutiny is well deserved because polyhedra provide a framework in which complex body shapes can be modeled parsimoniously and because the analytic expressions for the gravity fields of uniform polyhedra involve only elementary transcendental functions available as part of the run‐time library for most computational programming languages.

R. O. Hansen

Papers

The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration

Historical development of the gravity method in exploration

Unification of Euler and Werner deconvolution in three dimensions via the generalized Hilbert transform

The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation*

An analytical expression for the gravity field of a polyhedral body with linearly varying density