Analysis of the adulteration of cod-liver oil with much cheaper oil-like animal fats has become attractive in recent years. This study highlights an application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a nondestructive and fast technique for the determination of adulterants in cod-liver oil. Attenuated total reflectance measurements were made on pure cod-liver oil and cod-liver oil adulterated with different concentrations of lard (0.5–50% v/v in cod-liver oil). A chemometrics partial least squares (PLS) calibration model was developed for quantitative measurement of the adulterant. Discriminant analysis method was used to classify cod-liver oil samples from common animal fats (beef, chicken, mutton, and lard) based on their infrared spectra. Discriminant analysis carried out using seven principal components was able to classify the samples as pure or adulterated cod-liver oil based on their FTIR spectra at the selected fingerprint regions (1,500–1,030 cm−1).

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Analysis of Cod-Liver Oil Adulteration Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Major lignans of sesame sesamin and sesamolin are benzodioxol--substituted furofurans. Sesamol, sesaminol, its epimers, and episesamin are transformation products found in processed products. Synthetic routes to all lignans are known but only sesamol is synthesized industrially. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, followed by the formation of dioxoles, oxidation, and glycosylation. Most genes of the lignan pathway in sesame have been identified but the inheritance of lignan content is poorly understood. Health-promoting properties make lignans attractive components of functional food. Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical. In this work, extensive literature including historical texts is reviewed, controversial issues are critically examined, and errors perpetuated in literature are corrected. The following aspects are covered: chemical properties and transformations of lignans; analysis, purification, and total synthesis; occurrence in Seseamum indicum and related plants; biosynthesis and genetics; biological activities; health-promoting properties; and biological functions. Finally, the improvement of lignan content in sesame seeds by breeding and biotechnology and the potential of hairy roots for manufacturing lignans in vitro are outlined.

Lignans of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Review.

This study was aimed to develop a fast technique of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for detection and quantification of lard adulteration in some vegetable oils, namely canola oil (Ca‒O), corn oil (CO), extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), soybean oil (SO), and sunflower oil (SFO). The FTIR spectra associated with Ca‒O, CO, EVOO, SO, and SFO as well as their blends with lard were scanned, interpreted, and identified. The chemometrics of partial least square (PLS) and discriminant analysis (DA) at fingerprint regions of 1500–1000 cm−1 was used for quantifying and classifying of lard in the mixture with vegetable oils, respectively. PLS calibration can be successfully used for quantification of lard in the mixture with vegetable oils, either using normal spectra or its first derivatives. Furthermore, DA based on Mahalanobis distance can classify lard in vegetable oils. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una tecnica rapida de espectroscopia de infrarrojos por transformada Fourier (FTIR) par...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19476331003774639

FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for analysis of lard adulteration in some vegetable oils

In recent years, the authentication of edible fats and oils has become an important issue for food producers, consumers, and regulatory authorities due to religious and economic reasons. Some high-priced edible oils such as extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), and cod liver oil (CLO) are adulterated with lower price oils to improve profits. These oils can be considered functional food oils due to their beneficial effects on human health. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with suitable chemometrics techniques has emerged as a potential tool that allows analysts to authenticate high-value edible oils. This review describes the potential use of FTIR spectroscopy for authentication of three functional food oils, namely, EVOO, VCO, and CLO.

/pdf/application-of-fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-14h3qox5sc.pdf

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Authentication of Functional Food Oils

Application of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of cod-liver oil

In the present paper, simple, rapid and reliable colour tests such as Sodium azide test, Modified nitric acid test, Azo dye test, Boudouin test, Hexabromide test, Halphen’s test, Molybdate method and Solvent partition test have been reported for the detection of adulterants in edible oils. These are performed for synthetic mustard oil, argemone oil, physically refined rice bran oil, sesame oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, castor oil and palmolein respectively (respective sensitivity level as 0.1%, 0.1%, 2.5%, 0.2%, 1.0%, 0.5% and 2.0%).

/pdf/detection-of-adulteration-in-edible-oils-34p1sgo9n1.pdf

R.P. Singh

Papers

Detection of Adulteration in Edible Oils