The External Control of Organizations.

It does not require a very thorough examination of the history of the long twentieth century for one to conclude that political extremism, in both leftist and rightist varieties, has been a major, if not the main, cause of the unprecedented levels of human suffering unleashed in the twelve or thirteen decades since European imperialist domination encompassed the entire globe. Focussing mainly on case examples that explore massive projects in social engineering di? rected by those who have claimed to be inspired by leftist political philosophies, James Scott argues that these exercises in bureaucratic hubris share a common commitment to tenets of what he terms "high modernist" ideology. He argues that the ideas and urges, organizational strategies, and technologies of coercion that informed Soviet schemes for collectivization, "villagization" in Tanzania, and agricultural modernization in accordance with Western precedents in the colonial and post-colonial eras were all constructed to advance high modernist ends. Detailed analyses of these grand schemes for political and socioeconomic transformation, which form the core case studies for Seeing Like a State, reveal that they originated in a constellation of seemingly disparate processes. Some of these can be traced back to early modern times, particularly to the Enlighten? ment; others are products of twentieth-century sensibilities and technological breakthroughs. In the early chapters of Seeing Like a State, Scott explores a wide range of more limited, earlier high modernist projects, from German forest conservationism and urban planning to cadastral surveys and language standardization. All of these he argues persuasively shared a common goal of enhancing what he terms the legibility of urban and rural landscapes and human populations. Legibility, as Scott employs the term in demonstrating the commonalities among these processes, includes standardization, simplification, codification, abstraction, and the valorization of procedures deemed to be scientific (that is objective, precise, and universally valid) at the expense of local knowledge. He links high modernist projects generally with the imperatives of state bureaucracies that initiate and doggedly implement them, often in the face of considerable resistance and clear evidence that their actual effects are rather different from those the officials in charge intend. Beginning with the Russian revolution and the draconian Soviet campaigns under Stalin to collectivize (hence modernize) agriculture and capture the peas? antry that had made its own revolution in 1917 and the years of the civil war,

Seeing Like a State

Thoroughly revised, this new edition of Critical Theory of Technology rethinks the relationships between technology, rationality, and democracy, arguing that the degradation of labor-as well as of many environmental, educational, and political systems-is rooted in the social values that preside over technological development. It contains materials on political theory, but the emphasis has shifted to reflect a growing interest in the fields of technology and cultural studies.

Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revisited

https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/david.harvey/AEF806/Dorwardetal.pdf

A Policy Agenda for Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth

(1986). Everyday forms of peasant resistance. The Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol. 13, Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South‐East Asia, pp. 5-35.

Everyday forms of peasant resistance

Covid-19 lockdowns, income distribution, and food security: An analysis for South Africa

List of Tables - Preface - The 1931 Plan - The Industrial Conference, January 30-February 4, 1931 - The Struggle for the Plan, January-June 1931 - Stalin's Conditions for Industrial Development - Reforms and Plans, July-December 1931 - 1931 in Retrospect - The 1932 Plan - The XVII Party Conference, January 30-February 4, 1932 - Reforms amid Difficulties, January-June 1932 - Crisis and Repression, July-December 1932 - 1932 Results in Retrospect - The January Plenum and the 1933 Plan - From Disaster to Stability: The Political Context of 1933 - The Depths of Crisis, January-March 1933 - The Eve of the Upsurge, April-December 1933 - 1933 in Retrospect - Urban Society in Transition - Conclusions - Tables - Glossary of Russian Terms and Abbreviations used in Text - Abbreviations of Titles of Books and Periodical Publications, etc, used in Footnotes - Bibliography - Name Index - Subject Index

Crisis and progress in the Soviet economy, 1931-1933

List of Tables Preface The Second Collectivisation Drive, 1931 The Second Phase of Dekulakisation, 1931 The 1931 Grain Harvest Grain Collections from the 1931 Harvest The 1932 Grain Harvest Grain Collections from the 1932 Harvest The 1933 Grain Harvest Grain Collections from the 1933 Harvest Crops Other than Grain The Livestock Disaster The Sovkhozy The Kolkhozy The Famine in Perspective Appendix: A Note on the Grain Harvests Tables Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations used in Text Abbreviations of Titles of Books and Periodical Publications used in Footnotes Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933

Management of the Industrial Firm in the USSR: A Study in Soviet Economic Planning

These volumes have been written jointly by E.H.Carr and R.W.Davies and deal with economic affairs. The central theme is the replacement of the guided market economy of NEP by direct planning, first predominantly in financial, and later also in physical, terms.

R. W. Davies

Papers

Covid-19 lockdowns, income distribution, and food security: An analysis for South Africa

Crisis and progress in the Soviet economy, 1931-1933

The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933

Management of the Industrial Firm in the USSR: A Study in Soviet Economic Planning

Foundations of a planned economy, 1926-1929