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Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

Drought is one of the major stress factors affecting the growth and development of plants. In this context, drought-related losses of crop plant productivity impede sustainable agriculture all over the world. In general, plants respond to water deficits by multiple physiological and metabolic adaptations at the molecular, cellular, and organism levels. To understand the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance, adequate stress models and arrays of reliable stress markers are required. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively address currently available models of drought stress, based on culturing plants in soil, hydroponically, or in agar culture, and critically discuss advantages and limitations of each design. We also address the methodology of drought stress characterization and discuss it in the context of real experimental approaches. Further, we highlight the trends of methodological developments in drought stress research, i.e., complementing conventional tests with quantification of phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS), measuring antioxidant enzyme activities, and comprehensively profiling transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.

Methodology of Drought Stress Research: Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization

Targeting salt stress coping mechanisms for stress tolerance in Brassica: A research perspective.

Drought Stress in Brassica napus: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Management Strategies

Eruca (Eruca sativa; Brassicaceae) is an important industrial crop due to its ability to grow under a wide range of climatic conditions and in poor fertility lands and also for the quality of seed oil and protein. Seed germination (SG) is an important event in plant’s life history which can significantly be influenced by several environmental factors such as temperature (T), water potential (ψ), salinity, pH, and burial depth. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to investigate the effects of these environmental factors on SG behavior of Eruca using several mathematical models, (ii) to determine the cardinal Ts and tolerance threshold value for each trait (i.e., 50% reduction than its maximum value) affected by the environmental factor, and (iii) to quantify the response of Eruca seedling growth to each environmental factor. The results indicated that Eruca SG and seedling growth were significantly influenced by these factors (P < 0.05). The estimated cardinal Ts were 1 °C for the base T, 30 °C for the optimum T, and 40.8 °C for the ceiling T. The salt and drought tolerance threshold values were 257 mM NaCl and − 1.2 MPa for SG and 247 mM NaCl and − 1 MPa for the seedling growth, respectively, suggesting that the seedling growth was more sensitive than SG under both salt and drought stresses in Eruca. In addition, the maximum SG and seedling growth were observed at pH 7 and burial depth 1.9 cm. In general, the models used in this study could describe well the response of Eruca SG under different levels of environmental factors and also their parameters could easily be used in Eruca SG simulation models. This information also could help us to better manage the production of this plant under stressful conditions and/or to determine its geographic range expansion in the world.

Quantification of the Effect of Environmental Factors on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Eruca (Eruca sativa) Using Mathematical Models

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.

/pdf/germination-and-seedling-growth-of-a-set-of-rapeseed-4mfpd7k8xi.pdf

Germination and Seedling Growth of a Set of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Varieties under Drought Stress Conditions

In order to improve the germination rate of carob seeds (Ceratonia siliqua L.), we studied the morphological characteristics of the fruits (pod and seeds, integumentary hardness and tolerance to abiotic stress of the seeds) of seven ecotypes of carob trees from four regions of Morocco. The fruits of its seven populations were studied according to seven discriminative characteristics relating to the pods (length, width, thickness, total number of seeds, total weight of the pulp, seeds per pod and yield of pods per tree) and four discriminative characteristics relating to the seeds namely length, width, thickness and total fresh weight of seeds. Integumentary hardness was evaluated by pretreating the seeds with boiling water and 95% sulfuric acid. Similarly, we also followed the evolution of water absorption by the seeds during 4 days and we evaluated on these seeds pretreated, effects of different incubation temperatures (10°C, 25°C and 40°C), their tolerance to Original Research Article Yatim et al.; ARRB, 35(12): 11-31, 2020; Article no.ARRB.62839 12 different concentrations of NaCl, PEG6000 (0MPa, -0.5MPa, -1MPa and -1.5MPa ) and their reversibility. The morphological characterization of the fruits allowed us to group the populations studied into three groups. Soaking the carob seeds in sulfuric acid for 20 minutes improved the germination rate and time. The evolution of water absorption makes it possible to distinguish two phases. The first phase is obtained during the first 24 hours and characterized by a rapid penetration of water, and second phase which lasts over the last 72 hours and which is characterized by a slow entry of water. The optimum temperature for germination of seeds from all provenances is 25°C. The germination behavior of carob under conditions of osmotic stress demonstrated a highly significant treatment effect (concentration of PEG6000) on the rate and mean time of germination and revealed that this species is very resistant to drought. This study also showed that, salt has a depressive effect on the average germination rate, time and length of radicles. The results of the reversibility test showed that the germination of seeds transferred from osmotic stress and salt stress (-0.5, -1 and -1.5MPa) and from the temperature of 40°C. is totally inhibited. On the other hand, seeds transferred from a temperature of 15°C resume germination under optimal conditions. This study allowed us to select a variety with high yield and tolerant to various biotic constraints.

/pdf/effects-of-pre-sowing-treatments-and-abiotic-stress-on-the-r4pncnhbyh.pdf

Effects of Pre-sowing Treatments and Abiotic Stress on the Germination of Ceratonia siliqua Seeds of Four Moroccan Biomes

/pdf/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-in-morocco-situation-update-and-4focd9dluf.pdf

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) in morocco: Situation update and proposed remedial measures

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacterial that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms. Seven isolates of bacteria were successfully isolated and phenotypically, biochemically, physiological and molecular characterized. Subsequently to investigate the effect of PGPR isolates on the growth of carob tree, a pot culture experiement was conducted as Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer (CITT), Meknes, Morocco. All the isolates were gram negative, rods, motile, able to grow on YDC medium and citrate simmons positive, degrade glucose, fructose and mannitol, capable of hydrolyzing esculin and starch. All strains are able to produce (74-150µgml-1) of indole acetic acid, nitrogen fixatin and all isolate are unable to produce ammonia, chitinase and cellulase, the strains 2018-3, 2018-4 and 2018-5 showed protease activity. The pecentage of solibilization of phosphate varied between 15% to 45%, the maximum phosphate solubilization was identified by stain 2018-4. Sequencing of 16SrRNA genes led to the identification of two family of bacteria : Bacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The species of bacteria are : Bacillus thuringiensis, two of Bacillus flexus, two of Pseudomonas gessardii, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thaonhiensis. The analysis the result showed that the highest vegetative growth was obtained from stain 2018-4 such as plant height (13.6cm), root length (13.65cm), fresh weight of the aerial part (1.09g) and fresh weight of the root part (0.42g) in comparison to untreated plant.

http://www.ejobios.org/download/characterization-of-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-isolated-from-the-rhizosphere-of-carob-tree-7192.pdf

Rahal El Kahkahi

Papers

Germination and Seedling Growth of a Set of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Varieties under Drought Stress Conditions

Effects of Pre-sowing Treatments and Abiotic Stress on the Germination of Ceratonia siliqua Seeds of Four Moroccan Biomes

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) in morocco: Situation update and proposed remedial measures

Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) in Morocco