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Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity. This review focuses on various naturally occurring flavonoids and their antifungal activities, modes of action, and synergetic use in combination with conventional drugs.

Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids.

Background Flavonols are one of the most promising class of bioactive compounds belonging to the broad family of the flavonoids, characterized by a unique set of features in their basic chemical skeleton and several specific substitutions in selected position of the rings A, B and C. This interesting class of phytochemicals includes compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rhamnetin, morin, fisetin, galagin, azaleatin and their respective glycosyl derivatives. They have been identified in several foods and provide them great health benefits. Scope and approach This review updates and integrates, in a critical fashion, the current knowledge on flavonols as food sources, chemical features, structure-activity relationships, bioavailability and health benefits (from preclinical and clinical studies), focusing on both in vitro and in vivo reports. Key findings and conclusions Dietary flavonols are bioavailable molecules in human with impressive health benefits (such as antioxidation, cardioprotection, antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer activity) and the process of metabolization also produces compounds with remarkable bioactivities just like the corresponding precursors. Their inclusion into human diet is highly recommended for their unquestionable health promoting properties, being excellent nutraceuticals as well as ingredients for good functional food.

Food flavonols: Nutraceuticals with complex health benefits and functionalities

Patulin and Trichothecene as the main groups of mycotoxins in significant quantities can cause health risks from allergic reactions to death on both humans and animals. Accordingly, rapid and highl...

Patulin and Trichothecene: characteristics, occurrence, toxic effects and detection capabilities via clinical, analytical and nanostructured electrochemical sensing/biosensing assays in foodstuffs

Purpose Cervical cancer causes considerable mortality in women world over and the current treatment options create severe adverse effects. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel and efficient treatment regimens for cervical cancer. Herein, we examined the anticancer effects of a natural coumarin, Scopoletin, against a panel of cervical cancer cell lines. Methods The antiproliferative effect of Scopoletin was examined by cell counting and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was detected by acridine orange (AO) ethidium promide (EB) staining. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Cell invasion was examined by Boyden chamber assay. Protein expression was checked by western blotting. Results Scopoletin inhibited the growth of all the cell lines and the IC50 ranged between 7.5 to 25 µM. Nonetheless, the cytotoxic effects of Scopoletin were comparatively negligible against the normal cells with an IC50 of 90 µM. Investigation of the mechanism of action, revealed that the anticancer effects of Scopoletin against the HeLa cervical cancer cells were due to induction of apoptotic cell death as indicated AO/EB staining. Scopoletin treatment also resulted in enhancement of the Bax, Caspase 3, 8 and 9 expression and decline of the Bcl-2 expression. Scopoletin also blocked the HeLa cells at G2/M checkpoint of the cell cycle. Furthermore, cell invasion assay revealed that Scopoletin inhibited the migration of the HeLa cells concentration-dependently. PI3K/AKT is an imperative pathway involved in theproliferation and tumorigenesis of cancer cells and herein it was found that Scopoletin could inhibit this pathway. Conclusion Taken together, Scopoletin may prove essential in the development of novel treatment regimes for cervical cancer.

Scopoletin exerts anticancer effects on human cervical cancer cell lines by triggering apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell invasion and PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.

Industrially, the sensitivity of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to the high temperatures and the high ethanol concentrations is the major concerns for manufacturers. This study was conceived and designed to isolate and identify new thermo- and ethanol-tolerant AAB from Opuntia ficus-indica L. fruits. As a result, among 140 isolated bacterial strains, five selected strains (CR1, CR5, CR23, CZ2, and CZ15) exhibited important acetic acid production until 40 °C. The use of 16S rDNA gene analysis was insufficient to identify selected bacteria. Indeed, except CR5 that presented 100% similarity to A. cerevisiae, the other strains presented similar homology rates simultaneously to the 16S rDNA sequences of A. cerevisiae and A. malorum. The reidentification by 16S-23S rDNA gene sequencing showed that CR1, CR23, and CZ15 were A. malorum, which were shown tolerance to the highest concentration of ethanol (12%) and produced elevated amount (40 g/L) of acetic acid at 37 °C. In summary, we showed the thermotolerance and ethanol tolerant character of new A. malorum strains, which can be used as a starter for vinegar production. Furthermore, during the molecular characterization of the isolated strains, we concluded that 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence is of great importance for discriminating between AAB species as a complement to the identification by 16S rDNA sequencing.

Screening and molecular characterization of new thermo- and ethanol-tolerant Acetobacter malorum strains isolated from two biomes Moroccan cactus fruits.

Background In an era in which antimicrobial resistance is increasing at an alarming pace, it is very important to find new antimicrobial agents effective against pathogenic microrganisms resistant to traditional treatments. Among the notable breakthroughs in the past years of research in natural-drug discovery, there is the identification and testing of flavonoids, a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many beneficial effects on humans. These compounds show different biological activities such as inhibition of neuroinflammation and tumor growth as well as antimicrobial activity against many microbial pathogens. Methods We undertook a review of protocols and standard strains used in studies reporting the inhibitory effects of flavonoids against Candida albicans by focusing our attention on genetic characterization of the strains examined. Moreover, using the C. albicans MLST-database, we performed a phylogenetic analysis showing the genetic variation occurring in this species. Results Today, we have enough information to estimate genetic diversity within microbial species and recent data revealed that most of fungal pathogens show complex population structures in which not a single isolate can be designated as representative of the entire taxon. This is especially true for the highly divergent fungal pathogen C. albicans, in which the assumption that one or few "standard strains" can represent the whole species is overly unrealistic and should be laid to rest. Conclusion The goal of this article is to shed light on the extent of genetic variation in C. albicans and how this phenomenon can largely influence the activity of flavonoids against this species.

Looking for New Antifungal Drugs from Flavonoids: Impact of the Genetic Diversity of Candida albicans on the in-vitro Response.

Molecular characterization of patulin producing and non-producing Penicillium species in apples from Morocco.

In order to improve the germination rate of carob seeds (Ceratonia siliqua L.), we studied the morphological characteristics of the fruits (pod and seeds, integumentary hardness and tolerance to abiotic stress of the seeds) of seven ecotypes of carob trees from four regions of Morocco. The fruits of its seven populations were studied according to seven discriminative characteristics relating to the pods (length, width, thickness, total number of seeds, total weight of the pulp, seeds per pod and yield of pods per tree) and four discriminative characteristics relating to the seeds namely length, width, thickness and total fresh weight of seeds. Integumentary hardness was evaluated by pretreating the seeds with boiling water and 95% sulfuric acid. Similarly, we also followed the evolution of water absorption by the seeds during 4 days and we evaluated on these seeds pretreated, effects of different incubation temperatures (10°C, 25°C and 40°C), their tolerance to Original Research Article Yatim et al.; ARRB, 35(12): 11-31, 2020; Article no.ARRB.62839 12 different concentrations of NaCl, PEG6000 (0MPa, -0.5MPa, -1MPa and -1.5MPa ) and their reversibility. The morphological characterization of the fruits allowed us to group the populations studied into three groups. Soaking the carob seeds in sulfuric acid for 20 minutes improved the germination rate and time. The evolution of water absorption makes it possible to distinguish two phases. The first phase is obtained during the first 24 hours and characterized by a rapid penetration of water, and second phase which lasts over the last 72 hours and which is characterized by a slow entry of water. The optimum temperature for germination of seeds from all provenances is 25°C. The germination behavior of carob under conditions of osmotic stress demonstrated a highly significant treatment effect (concentration of PEG6000) on the rate and mean time of germination and revealed that this species is very resistant to drought. This study also showed that, salt has a depressive effect on the average germination rate, time and length of radicles. The results of the reversibility test showed that the germination of seeds transferred from osmotic stress and salt stress (-0.5, -1 and -1.5MPa) and from the temperature of 40°C. is totally inhibited. On the other hand, seeds transferred from a temperature of 15°C resume germination under optimal conditions. This study allowed us to select a variety with high yield and tolerant to various biotic constraints.

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Effects of Pre-sowing Treatments and Abiotic Stress on the Germination of Ceratonia siliqua Seeds of Four Moroccan Biomes

/pdf/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-in-morocco-situation-update-and-4focd9dluf.pdf

Majida Hafidi

Papers

Screening and molecular characterization of new thermo- and ethanol-tolerant Acetobacter malorum strains isolated from two biomes Moroccan cactus fruits.

Looking for New Antifungal Drugs from Flavonoids: Impact of the Genetic Diversity of Candida albicans on the in-vitro Response.

Molecular characterization of patulin producing and non-producing Penicillium species in apples from Morocco.

Effects of Pre-sowing Treatments and Abiotic Stress on the Germination of Ceratonia siliqua Seeds of Four Moroccan Biomes

Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) in morocco: Situation update and proposed remedial measures