Introduction: Various anthropometric measurements have been used to determine the size of maxillary anterior teeth. However, which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth remains unclear. Aims and objectives: To evaluate which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator in determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and methods: An electronic search was conducted for scholarly articles discussing various anthropometric measurements used for determination of width of maxillary anterior teeth, written in English or translated into English listed with PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Google scholar databases. The search strategy yielded 119 articles. Out of them, 70 were excluded following reading of abstract, and 49 were selected for full-text reading. Of these, 21 were excluded based on exclusion criteria. Finally, 28 articles were included for final search. Due to heterogenicity of studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. Results: High degree of correlation was seen between interalar width (IAD), interpupillary distance (IPD), bizygomatic width (BW), and width of maxillary anterior teeth, in Indian population, whereas in Saudi population, intercanthal distance (ICD) has high degree of correlation to the width of maxillary anterior teeth, and in Brazilian (mulatto and blacks) population, high degree of correlation was seen between intercommissural width (ICOW) and width of maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion: The anthropometric measurement used depends on the population group in which it is being used. There is no single anthropometric measurement that can be used to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Hence, more studies with large sample size and different population groups need to be conducted. Clinical significance: In Indian population, high degree of correlation was seen between IAD, IPD, BW, and width of maxillary anterior teeth. The results of the previous study should be validated by including a large population size spread over entire Indian subcontinent. This would also help to generate multiplication factor for various anthropological measurements for use limited to the Indian population. Review ARticle 1-4Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding Author: Ashish R Jain, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +919884233423 e-mail:dr.ashishjain_r@yahoo.com 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1509

/pdf/determination-of-correlation-of-width-of-maxillary-anterior-3ci7da9o0y.pdf

Determination of Correlation of Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A Systematic Review

Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics

Determination of the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is an integral part of complete dentures fabrication Due to the lack of teeth, the clinician faces the challenge of how to accurately establish the OVD of the new denture Therefore, the purpose of this review article was to present, discuss and critique the available methods used in determining the OVD for complete dentures patients This review identified two main streams to determine the OVD: (i) pre-extraction methods and (ii) post-extraction methods For the pre-extraction methods, the OVD of the natural dentition is transferred to the new dentures mainly by intra-oral measurements, profile tracing and cephalometric analysis The post-extraction methods rely on mandibular rest position, facial aesthetic appearance, swallowing pattern, craniofacial landmarks measurements, cephalometric analysis, phonetics and existing dentures In general, all the available techniques have merits and are helpful for routine clinical use However, they are empirical in nature, controversial and lack the scientific support Further, there is no single accurate method for OVD determination To overcome the limitations of the techniques, the clinician will benefit from applying combination of techniques to approximate the OVD

Determination of occlusal vertical dimension for complete dentures patients: an updated review.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40510-015-0078-9.pdf

Psychological impact of visible differences in patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies

BACKGROUND: Determining and restoring physiological vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is the critical step during complete mouth rehabilitation. The improper VDO compromises the aesthetics, phonetics and functional efficiency of the prosthesis.Â  Various methods are suggested to determine the accurate VDO, including the facial measurements in the clinical situations with no pre-extraction records. The generalisation of correlation between the facial measurements to VDO is criticised due to gender dimorphism and racial differences. Hence, it is prudent to verify the hypothesis of facial proportion and correlation of lower third of the face to remaining craniofacial measurements in different ethnic groups. The objective of the study was to evaluate the correlation of craniofacial measurements and OVD in the Saudi-Arabian ethnic group.METHODOLOGY: Total of 228 participants from Saudi-Arabian Ethnic group were randomly recruited in this cross-sectional study. Fifteen craniofacial measurements were recorded with modified digital Vernier callipers, and OVD was recorded at centric occlusion. The obtained data were analysed by using the Spearmanâ€™s correlation and linear regression analysis.RESULTS: The Mean OVD in male participants was higher (69.25 Â± 5.54) in comparison to female participants (57.41 Â± 5.32).Â  The craniofacial measurement of Exocanthion-right labial commissure and the Mesial wall of the right external auditory canal-orbitale lateral had a strong positive correlation with VDO. The strong correlation was recorded with a trichion-upper border of right eyebrow line and trichion-Nasion only in males. Meanwhile, the length of an auricle recorded the positive correlation in female participants.CONCLUSIONS: Being simple and non-invasive technique, craniofacial measurements and linear equations could be routinely utilised to determine VDO.

/pdf/an-anthropometric-study-of-cranio-facial-measurements-and-2rsuxmasd9.pdf

An Anthropometric Study of Cranio-Facial Measurements and Their Correlation with Vertical Dimension of Occlusion among Saudi Arabian Subpopulations

Background
Establishment of proper occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is one of the important tasks for successful prosthodontic therapy. An ideal method for determining OVD in terms of cost, time, and instrument requirements has been sought in prosthodontics by various investigators. However, no such single method has been formulated. In the current anthropometric study, the relationship of the length of the thumb to the OVD was tested in two ethnic groups of Nepal, Aryans, and Mongoloids. The result of this study can be useful in determining proper OVD in edentulous patients.

https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=23558

An anthropometric study to evaluate the correlation between the occlusal vertical dimension and length of the thumb.

Introduction: Dental implants are considered one of the best treatment options for completely or partially edentulous patients. But due to lack of knowledge and education many patients especially in the region of underdeveloped or developing countries do not opt for this. In current study the knowledge, attitude and awareness about dental implants was studied in a referral center and its outreach centers in Nepal. Purpose: To determine the status of knowledge, attitude and awareness about dental implants in a tertiary care hospital and its outreach centers. Materials and Methods: 192 patients were asked about dental implants using a standard questionnaire. Their response were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: Among the respondents 52.6% were aware of implant therapy, however in specific knowledge only 24.5% could attribute the jaw as site for implant placement. It was also found that rather than dental professionals (17.7%), friends and acquaintances (30.2%) play a role in awareness. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study limited knowledge and awareness about dental implants was noticed and role of dentists for the information is lacking in our part of world.

Knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding dental implants among patients visiting a university hospital and its teaching districts

BACKGROUND One of the most confusing and difficult aspects of complete denture prosthodontics is the selection of appropriately sized maxillary anterior denture teeth. Various guidelines have been suggested for determining the size of anterior teeth, but different opinions have been reported regarding their significance. In the study reported here, the relationships between facial measurements and the width of maxillary anterior teeth in two ethnic groups, namely Aryans and Mongoloids, were determined. OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to determine the inner inter-canthal distance (ICAD), inter-pupillary distance (IPD), inter-commissural width (ICOW), inter-alar width (IAW), and the combined width of maxillary anterior teeth (CW) in Aryans and Mongoloids and to determine the relationships between these measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Impressions of the teeth of 170 dentulous subjects (85 males and 85 females) were made with alginate then Type IV gypsum product was poured in. Measurements of the cast maxillary anterior teeth at their widest dimension (contact areas) were made with the Boley gauge. ICAD, IPD, ICOW, and IAW distances were also measured with a Boley gauge. RESULTS For all 170 subjects, 85 Aryans and 85 Mongoloids, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) for IAW, IPD, ICOW, ICAD, and CW was calculated. In Aryans, highly significant (P<0.001) but weak correlations were found between CW and IAW, IPD, and ICOW. In Mongoloids, a highly significant (P<0.001) and weak correlation was found only between CW and IPD. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the IAW, IPD, and ICOW for Aryans and IPD for Mongoloids can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary anterior teeth in edentulous patients.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-to-find-out-the-relationship-between-the-1vcvkncjek.pdf

A comparative study to find out the relationship between the inner inter-canthal distance, interpupillary distance, inter-commissural width, inter-alar width, and the width of maxillary anterior teeth in Aryans and Mongoloids

Introduction: Implant therapy is an elective dental procedure of dental rehabilitative treatment. Objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of dental interns of Nepal toward dental implants and to see associations of the responses with gender and geographic location of dental college.
Methods: It was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 after taking ethical clearance and approval from the research committee. The sample included the interns who were present at the time of the survey. Data collection was done through a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, during clinical postings of the interns at all the dental colleges of Nepal, supervised and monitored by the investigators themselves; coded and entered in Microsoft Excel 2013 and statistical analysis was done by SPSS.
Results: A majority of the interns said they are moderately well informed about dental implants 141 (50.36%); main advantage of dental implants is they are conservative 164 (58.6%); most important factor for implant success is case selection 143 (51.07%); the longevity of dental implants is 10-20yrs, 162 (57.85%), 188 (67.14%) agreed that they were not provided with sufficient information and 191 (68.21%) stated that they need more information; 180 (64.3%) felt the difficulty encountered while placing implants is average and 229 (81.78%) stated that they need more hygiene care than natural teeth. 
Conclusions: A majority of interns have knowledge regarding dental implants, but the percentage of those who gave unsatisfactory answers is also large. They have a positive attitude towards gaining more information through various means.

/pdf/knowledge-awareness-and-attitude-regarding-dental-implants-4rgx899wxh.pdf

Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude Regarding Dental Implants among Dental Interns.

Purpose

To assess the reliability and to validate the translated Nepalese version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-EDENT-N) in Nepalese edentulous subjects.



Materials and Methods

The international guidelines for translation and cross-cultural adaption of OHIP-EDENT were followed, and a Nepalese version of the questionnaire was adapted for this study. Eighty-eight completely edentulous subjects were then selected for the study and completed their responses for the questionnaire. The reliability of the OHIP-EDENT-N was evaluated using internal consistency. Validity was assessed as construct and convergent validity. Construct validity was determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The correlation between OHIP-EDENT-N subscale scores and the global question was investigated to test the convergent validity.



Results

Cronbach's alpha for the total score of OHIP-EDENT-N was 0.78. Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis: 70.196% of the variance was accountable to five factors extracted from the factor analysis. Factor loadings above 0.40 were noted for all items. In terms of convergent validity, significant correlations could be established between OHIP-EDENT-N and global questions.



Conclusions

This study has been able to establish the reliability and validity of the OHIP-EDENT-N, and OHIP-EDENT-N can be a considered a reliable tool to assess the oral health related quality of life in the Nepalese edentulous population.

Raj Kumar Singh

Papers

An anthropometric study to evaluate the correlation between the occlusal vertical dimension and length of the thumb.

Knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding dental implants among patients visiting a university hospital and its teaching districts

A comparative study to find out the relationship between the inner inter-canthal distance, interpupillary distance, inter-commissural width, inter-alar width, and the width of maxillary anterior teeth in Aryans and Mongoloids

Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude Regarding Dental Implants among Dental Interns.

Reliability and Validity of a Nepalese Version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for Edentulous Subjects