International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

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Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Design and Analysis ofFault-Tolerant Digital Systems: B. W. JOHNSON (Addison Wesley, 1989,577 pp., £41.35) The book provides an introduction to the important aspects of designing fault-tolerant systems, and an evaluation of how well the reliability goals have been achieved. The book is mainly oriented towards a final year undergraduate course on fault-tolerant computing, primarily with an implementation bias. In chapters 1 and 2, definitions and basic terminology are covered, which sets the stage for the remaining chapters, and provides the background and motivation for the remainder of the book. Chapter 3 provides a thorough analysis of fault-tolerance techniques and concepts. This chapter in particular is remarkably well written, covering the issues of hardware and information redundancy, which form the mainstay offault-tolerant computing. Subsequent chapters on the use and evaluation of the various approaches illustrate the principles as they have been put into practice. At the end of chapter 5, small projects that allow the reader to apply the material presented in the preceding chapters are included. The resurgence of interest in fault-tolerance with the emergence of VLSI is the theme of chapter 6, focussing on designing fault-tolerant systems in a VLSI environment. The problems and opportunities presented by VLSI are discussed and the use of redundancy techniques in order to enhance manufacturing yield and to provide in-service reliability are reviewed. The final chapter covers testing, design for testability and testability analysis, which must be considered during each phase of the design process to guarantee that resulting designs can be thoroughly tested. Each chapter is followed by a summary of the key issues and concepts presented therein, and a separate list of references, which makes it easily readable. In addition, there is a reading list with more comprehensive and specialised references devoted to each chapter. Overall, the book is well written, and contains a great deal of information in 577 pages. The book has a definite implementation bias, and draws considerably on the author's experience in industry, particularly reflected in the projects accompanying chapter 5. The book should be a useful addition to a library, and a suitable text to accompany a lecture course on fault-tolerant computing. R. RAMASWAMI, Department ofComputation, UMIST

Book Review: Design and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital SystemsDesign and Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Digital Systems: JohnsonB. W. (Addison Wesley, 1989, 577 pp., £41.35)

The performance of current-mode signaling (CMS) scheme in carbon nanomaterial based multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundle on-chip interconnect using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique is investigated in the present paper. A very comprehensive model that analyzes both the traditional copper and the next-generation MWCNT bundle interconnects is presented. Further, this model is applicable for both the conventional voltage-mode signaling (VMS) and the delay-efficient CMS schemes. The number of MWCNT shells in a bundle interconnect is varied, and it is analyzed that MWCNTs with larger number of shells have better performance than both MWCNTs consisting of lesser number of shells and the copper interconnects. It is analyzed that CMS scheme has superior performance than VMS scheme in terms of smaller propagation delay and reduced crosstalk-induced delay. Various analyses have been performed for 32-nm technology node and are validated using SPICE simulations. The results obtained from the proposed FDTD based model and SPICE are found to be in close agreement, and the maximum error is within 3%.

Comprehensive Model for High-Speed Current-Mode Signaling in Next Generation MWCNT Bundle Interconnect Using FDTD Technique

In this study, a new multi-criterion based fuzzy logic model has been proposed to determine the overall health index of transformers. The method relies on the concentrations of individual dissolved gasses, significant diagnostic test results of transformer oil and paper insulation. Real field data of 200 working transformers of a state owned power utility have been tested to validate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed fuzzy logic condition assessment model of transformers. Results obtained from the present proposed model have been compared with the previously proposed condition monitoring models. Comparison of the results shows that the output of present proposed model is more reliable and accurate. Integration of multi-criterion analysis in the fuzzy logic model has overcome the shortcomings of the previous fuzzy models requiring higher number of inputs and large set of rules. The proposed fuzzy model is flexible, accurate and easy to implement for determining the overall health index of the working transformers. It shall prove to be very useful to the utility managers and power utilities.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-smt.2016.0497

Condition assessment of power transformers based on multi-attributes using fuzzy logic

A novel unified model, for conventional copper and futuristic multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) interconnects, based on a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique has been proposed in this paper. The performance of quasi-transverse electromagnetic model of interconnects has been exhaustively analyzed for both voltage-mode signaling (VMS) and current-mode signaling (CMS) schemes. The effect of variations in edge roughness and dopant dependent Fermi energy in MLGNR interconnects has been examined. The crosstalk and coupling effects in interconnects have been investigated by incorporating capacitive and inductive interconnect parasitic elements. From the results carried out for 32-nm technology node, it has been observed that for similar dimensions and operating conditions, MLGNR interconnects show a significant performance improvement over the copper interconnects. The results also show that the CMS scheme outperforms VMS scheme at global wire lengths and is very suitable for state-of-the-art chip applications. The proposed model results are in close propinquity with the SPICE results. Furthermore, the FDTD-based model is computationally efficient compared to SPICE.

A Novel Unified Model for Copper and MLGNR Interconnects Using Voltage- and Current-Mode Signaling Schemes

In this paper, the crosstalk effects in coupled multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects have been analyzed. An unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain (USFDTD) technique has been used for the crosstalk model. The in_phase delay, out_phase delay, and crosstalk noise for coupled interconnect lines have been determined. It is observed that crosstalk effect is less severe in MWCNT interconnects compared to the conventional copper interconnects. The results of the proposed model have been verified with the conventional FDTD technique, hailey simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (HSPICE), and feature selective validation. For transient analysis, the proposed model on an average consumes 46% lesser CPU runtime as compared to the conventional FDTD technique. Further, stress and electro-migration effects have been analyzed for copper and MWCNT interconnects. The mean time to failure of MWCNT interconnects is found to be superior than that of copper interconnects.

An Efficient Crosstalk Model For Coupled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

In the present paper, a 4-bit flash analog to digital converter for low power SoC application is presented. CMOS inverter has been used as a comparator and by adjusting the ratio of channel width and length, the switching threshold of the CMOS inverter is varied to detect the input analog signal. The simulation results show that this proposed 4-bit flash ADC consumes about 12.4 mW at 200M sample/s with 3.3V supply voltage in TSMC 0.35 µm process. Compared with the traditional flash ADC, this proposed method can reduce about 78% in power consumption.

Rajeevan Chandel

Papers

Comprehensive Model for High-Speed Current-Mode Signaling in Next Generation MWCNT Bundle Interconnect Using FDTD Technique

Condition assessment of power transformers based on multi-attributes using fuzzy logic

A Novel Unified Model for Copper and MLGNR Interconnects Using Voltage- and Current-Mode Signaling Schemes

An Efficient Crosstalk Model For Coupled Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

A new approach to design low power cmos flash a/d converter