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La psychologie interculturelle a montre qu'il existait des rapports etroits entre le contexte culturel et le developpement comportemental de l'individu. Cette relation etablie, l'effort des recherches interculturelles a de plus en plus porte sur ce qu'il advenait des individus quand ils tentaient de refaire leur vie dans une culture differente de leur culture d'origine. Les consequences psychologiques a long terme de ce processus d'acculturation sont tres variables, dependant de variables sociales et personnelles qui renvoient a la societe de depart, a la societe d'accueil et a des phenomenes qui existent avant, mais qui emergent pendant la periode d'acculturation. Cet article esquisse un schema conceptuel a partir duquel acculturation et adaptation peuvent ětre etudiees, puis presente quelques conclusions et resultats generaux tires d'un echantillon de travaux empiriques. On envisage des applications possibles a la politique et aux programmes d'insertion en prenant en consideration les couts et les benefices sociaux et psychologiques emanant de l'adoprion d'une orientation pluraliste et integrationniste.

Cross-cultural psychology has demonstrated important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development. Given this relationship, cross-cultural research has increasingly investigated what happens to individuals who have developed in one cultural context when they attempt to re-establish their lives in another one. The long-term psychological consequences of this process of acculturation are highly variable, depending on social and personal variables that reside in the society of origin, the society of settlement. and phenomena that both exist prior to, and arise during, the course of acculturation. This article outlines a conceptual framework within which acculturation and adaptation can be investigated, and then presents some general findings and conclusions based on a sample of empirical studies. Applications to public policy and programmes are proposed. along with a consideration of the social and psychological costs and benefits of adopting a pluralist and integrationist orientation to these issues.

Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation

J. A. Gray (1981, 1982) holds that 2 general motivational systems underlie behavior and affect: a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioral activation system (BAS). Self-report scales to assess dispositional BIS and BAS sensitivities were created. Scale development (Study 1) and convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures are reported (Study 2). In Study 3, a situation in which Ss anticipated a punishment was created. Controlling for initial nervousness, Ss high in BIS sensitivity (assessed earlier) were more nervous than those low in BIS sensitivity. In Study 4, a situation in which Ss anticipated a reward was created. Controlling for initial happiness, Ss high in BAS sensitivity (Reward Responsiveness and Drive scales) were happier than those low in BAS sensitivity. In each case the new scales predicted better than an alternative measure. Discussion is focused on conceptual implications.

Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales

This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.

Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.

This article examines health promotion and disease prevention from the perspective of social cognitive theory. This theory posits a multifaceted causal structure in which self-efficacy beliefs operate together with goals, outcome expectations, and perceived environmental impediments and facilitators in the regulation of human motivation, behavior, and well-being. Belief in one’s efficacy to exercise control is a common pathway through which psychosocial influences affect health functioning. This core belief affects each of the basic processes of personal change—whether people even consider changing their health habits, whether they mobilize the motivation and perseverance needed to succeed should they do so, their ability to recover from setbacks and relapses, and how well they maintain the habit changes they have achieved. Human health is a social matter, not just an individual one. A comprehensive approach to health promotion also requires changing the practices of social systems that have widespread effects on human health.

https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Bandura/Bandura2004HEB.pdf

Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means

Planning and preparatory actions facilitate physical activity maintenance

Forshung zur Selbstwirksamkeit bei Lehrerinnen und Lehrern

235 migrants est-allemands ont ete interviewes trois fois dans les deux ans qui ont suivi leur arrivee a Berlin-Ouest en 1989. Leur crainte du chomage, enregistree des le depart, a ete rapportee plus tard a leur statut professionnel et au nombre de mois de travail. Ceux qui avaient des attentes elevees trouvaient plus facilement un emploi. Les femmes etaient plus pessimistes que les hommes quant a leurs chances de retrouver du travail. Les attentes etaient independantes de l'optimisme fondamental et autres traits de personnalite. Dans la seconde partie de l'etude, les plaintes relatives a la sante, l'evaluation du stress et les ressources sociales ont ete reliees a la duree du travail. Selon un modele structurel, les principaux predicteurs de la duree du travail etaient les attentes initiates et l'etat de sante. Celui-ci agissait a travers les attentes dans un premier temps et a travers l'estimation du stress et les ressources sociales dans un second temps. Un autre modele transformant l'etat de sante en variable dependante convint egalement aux donnees, mais comme il ne reposait pas sur exactement le meme echantillon, il ne pouvait pas invalider le premier modele. On peut conclure de cette recherche que les attentes relevaient de facteurs non psychologiques et qu'une mauvaise sante abaissait la probabilite de retrouver un emploi, en partie parce qu'elle augmentait le stress et reduisait les ressources sociales.



Two hundred and thirty-five East German migrants were interviewed three times during a two-year period after their transition to West Berlin in 1989. Their unemployment expectations, which were recorded at the onset, were related to employment status and number of months on the job later on. Those with higher expectations were more successful in gaining a job. Women were less likely to expect reemployment than men. Expectancies were independent of dispositional optimism and other personality traits. In the second part of the study, health complaints, stress appraisals, and social support were related to employment duration. Within a structural model, initial expectancies and illness were the major predictors of employment duration. Illness operated through expectancies at Time 1, and through stress appraisals and social support at Time 2. A second model with illness as a dependent variable did also fit the data but this was not based on exactly the same sample and therefore could not invalidate the first one. From this study, it is concluded a) that expectancies were based on factors other than psychological ones, and b) that illness reduced the likelihood of reemployment, partly through increased stress and decreased social support.

Reemployment after Migration from East to West Germany: A Longitudinal Study on Psychosocial Factors

Matching social support to the recipient's needs requires diagnostic sensitivity on the part of the provider. In particular, support needs to be responsive to the recipient's stress-related appraisals to be maximally effective. To assess the impact of bias in interpersonal stress assessment, medical students in 43 dyads reported on their own and each other's stress appraisals, social support, affect and performance during a 5-day preparation period culminating in a multiple choice examination. Less biased perceptions of loss appraisals by support providers within dyads were followed by support transactions associated with lower negative affect and better exam performance among recipients. More biased perceptions of threat appraisals were followed by increases in the recipients' negative affect. Results therefore suggest that support is more effective when the provider understands the recipient's concerns.

/pdf/support-provider-s-appraisal-detection-bias-and-the-efficacy-33cysnyer6.pdf

Support provider's appraisal detection bias and the efficacy of received support in medical students preparing for an exam.

Fragt man Raucher, ob sie sich für gefährdet halten, an Lungenkrebs zu erkranken, dann erhält man meist ausweichende Antworten. So wird z..B. das eigene Risiko, zu erkranken, geringer eingeschätzt als das von anderen Rauchern. Darüber hinaus vertraut der Raucher häufig auf seine Fähigkeit, noch rechtzeitig mit dem Rauchen aufhören zu können, bevor die Krankheit ihren verhängnisvollen Lauf nimmt Selbst wenn eine Krebserkrankung wider Erwarten eintreten sollte, schätzt der Raucher seine Heilungschancen als günstig ein. Wie wir uns .angesichts von gesundheitlichen Risiken verhalten, hängt unter . anderem davon ab, wie wir diese Risiken einschätzen und in welchem Maße wir glauben, sie beeinflussen zu können. Dazu gehören einerseits subjektive Vorstellungen uber Verbreitung, Schweregrad und Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit von Krankheiten, über deren Zusammenhang mit Risikofaktoren sowie über Verlauf und Heilbarkeit dieser Erkrankungen. Auf der anderen Seite stehen Kognitionen über die aktive Vermeidbarkeit gesundheitlicher Schäden, über die protektiven Ressourcen der eigenen Person, die Unverwundbarkeit (Invulnerabilität) sowie die Fähigkeit, pathogene Prozesse selbst unterbinden oder korrigieren zu können. Ein Teil der kognitiven Gesundheitspsychologie erforscht die subjektiven Krankheitstheorien, ein anderer die subjektiven Gesundheitsvorstellungen. Bei der Erforschung subjektiver Krankheitstheorien steht die mentale Repräsentation von Erkrankungen einschließlich ihrer Ursachen, ihres Verlaufs und ihrer Heilbarkeit im Vprd.ergrund (Croyle & Barger, 1993; Filipp, 1990; Skelton & Croyle, 1991). Attributionstheorie, Selbstkonzeptforschung und Prototypenansatz liefern dazu wichtige Beiträge. Auf dieses interessante Gebiet soll hier aber nicht näher eingegangen werden. Genausowenig sollen hier Kognitionen bei der Krankheitsbewältigung berücksichtigt werden (vgl. dazu Schwarzer, 1994a). Vielmehr sollen diejenigen gesundheitsbezogenen Kognitionen ausführlicher dargestellt werden, die für die Bereitschaft zum präventiven Handeln wichtig sind.

Ralf Schwarzer

Papers

Planning and preparatory actions facilitate physical activity maintenance

Forshung zur Selbstwirksamkeit bei Lehrerinnen und Lehrern

Reemployment after Migration from East to West Germany: A Longitudinal Study on Psychosocial Factors

Support provider's appraisal detection bias and the efficacy of received support in medical students preparing for an exam.

Risikoeinschätzung und Optimismus