抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Social Network Analysis

本文对国际科学计量学杂志《Ｓｃｉｅｎｔｏｍｅｔｒｉｃｓ》１９７９－１９９１年的研究论文内容、栏目、作者及国别和编委及国别作了计量分析，揭示出科学计量学研究的重点、活动的中心及发展趋势，说明了学科带头人在发展科学计量学这门新兴学科中的作用。

国际刊物《Scientometrics》文献计量研究

As in statistical physics, the concept of universality plays an important, albeit qualitative, role in the field of comparative mythology. Here we apply statistical mechanical tools to analyse the networks underlying three iconic mythological narratives with a view to identifying common and distinguishing quantitative features. Of the three narratives, an Anglo-Saxon and a Greek text are mostly believed by antiquarians to be partly historically based while the third, an Irish epic, is often considered to be fictional. Here we use network analysis in an attempt to discriminate real from imaginary social networks and place mythological narratives on the spectrum between them. This suggests that the perceived artificiality of the Irish narrative can be traced back to anomalous features associated with six characters. Speculating that these are amalgams of several entities or proxies, renders the plausibility of the Irish text comparable to the others from a network-theoretic point of view.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/99/28002/pdf

Universal properties of mythological networks

Complex systems are characterised by specific time-dependent interactions among their many constituents. As a consequence they often manifest rich, non-trivial and unexpected behaviour. Examples arise both in the physical and non-physical worlds. The study of complex systems forms a new interdisciplinary research area that cuts across physics, biology, ecology, economics, sociology, and the humanities. In this paper we review the essence of complex systems from a physicists' point of view, and try to clarify what makes them conceptually different from systems that are traditionally studied in physics. Our goal is to demonstrate how the dynamics of such systems may be conceptualised in quantitative and predictive terms by extending notions from statistical physics and how they can often be captured in a framework of co-evolving multiplex network structures. We mention three areas of complex-systems science that are currently studied extensively, the science of cities, dynamics of societies, and the representation of texts as evolutionary objects. We discuss why these areas form complex systems in the above sense. We argue that there exists plenty of new ground for physicists to explore and that methodical and conceptual progress is needed most.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6404/aa5a87/pdf

Complex systems: physics beyond physics

The introduction of a metric onto the space of parameters in models in statistical mechanics and beyond gives an alternative perspective on their phase structure. In such a geometrisation, the scalar curvature, R , plays a central role. A non-interacting model has a flat geometry ( R =0) , while R diverges at the critical point of an interacting one. Here, the information geometry is studied for a number of solvable statistical–mechanical models.

/pdf/information-geometry-and-phase-transitions-4y5wzjptd3.pdf

Information geometry and phase transitions

We consider the problem of two-point resistance in a resistor network previously studied by one of us [F. Y. Wu, J. Phys. A {\bf 37}, 6653 (2004)]. By formulating the problem differently, we obtain a new expression for the two-point resistance between two arbitrary nodes which is simpler and can be easier to use in practice. We apply the new formulation to the cobweb resistor network to obtain the resistance between two nodes in the network. Particularly, our results prove a recently proposed conjecture on the resistance between the center node and a node on the network boundary. Our analysis also solves the spanning tree problem on the cobweb network.

The two-point resistance of a resistor network: A new formulation and application to the cobweb network

We consider the problem of two-point resistance in a resistor network previously studied by one of us (Wu 2004 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 6653). By formulating the problem differently, we obtain a new expression for the two-point resistance between two arbitrary nodes which is simpler and can be easier to use in practice. We apply the new formulation to the cobweb resistor network to obtain the resistance between two nodes in the network. Particularly, our results prove a recently proposed conjecture on the resistance between the center node and a node on the network boundary. Our analysis also solves the spanning tree problem on the cobweb network.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1751-8113/47/3/035003/pdf

Ralph Kenna

Papers

Universal properties of mythological networks

Complex systems: physics beyond physics

Information geometry and phase transitions

The two-point resistance of a resistor network: A new formulation and application to the cobweb network

The two-point resistance of a resistor network: a new formulation and application to the cobweb network