Electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEV) are promising solutions for fossil fuel conservation and pollution reduction for a safe environment and sustainable transportation. The design of these energy-efficient powertrains requires optimization of components, systems, and controls. Controls entail battery management, fuel consumption, driver performance demand emissions, and management strategy. The hardware optimization entails powertrain architecture, transmission type, power electronic converters, and energy storage systems. In this overview, all these factors are addressed and reviewed. Major challenges and future technologies for EV/HEV are also discussed. Published suggestions and recommendations are surveyed and evaluated in this review. The outcomes of detailed studies are presented in tabular form to compare the strengths and weaknesses of various methods. Furthermore, issues in the current research are discussed, and suggestions toward further advancement of the technology are offered. This article analyzes current research and suggests challenges and scope of future research in EV/HEV and can serve as a reference for those working in this field.

State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of electric vehicle technology, charging methods, standards, and optimization techniques. The essential characteristics of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) are first discussed. Recent research on EV charging methods such as Battery Swap Station (BSS), Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), and Conductive Charging (CC) are then presented. This is followed by a discussion of EV standards such as charging levels and their configurations. Next, some of the most used optimization techniques for the sizing and placement of EV charging stations are analyzed. Finally, based on the insights gained, several recommendations are put forward for future research.

Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

Thanks to the unique advantages such as long life cycles, high power density, minimal environmental impact, and high power quality such as fast response and voltage stability, the flywheel/kinetic energy storage system (FESS) is gaining attention recently. There is noticeable progress made in FESS, especially in utility, large-scale deployment for the electrical grid, and renewable energy applications. This paper gives a review of the recent developments in FESS technologies. Due to the highly interdisciplinary nature of FESSs, we survey different design approaches, choices of subsystems, and the effects on performance, cost, and applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of FESS technologies, especially for those who have been commissioned or prototyped. We also highlighted the opportunities and potential directions for the future development of FESS technologies.

A review of flywheel energy storage systems: state of the art and opportunities.

Thanks to the unique advantages such as long life cycles, high power density, minimal environmental impact, and high power quality such as fast response and voltage stability, the flywheel/kinetic energy storage system (FESS) is gaining attention recently. There is noticeable progress in FESS, especially in utility, large-scale deployment for the electrical grid, and renewable energy applications. This paper gives a review of the recent developments in FESS technologies. Due to the highly interdisciplinary nature of FESSs, we survey different design approaches, choices of subsystems, and the effects on performance, cost, and applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of FESS technologies, especially those commissioned or prototyped. We also highlighted the opportunities and potential directions for the future development of FESS technologies. 

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A review of flywheel energy storage systems: state of the art and opportunities

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2050-7038.13024

Flywheel energy storage systems: A critical review on technologies, applications, and future prospects

Four-wheel-drive (4WD) full-electric powertrains offer great potential for vehicle performance and efficiency improvements This study introduces a novel 4WD electric powertrain that significantly increases the overall powertrain performance and battery lifespan The proposed powertrain benefits from a new compact and highly efficient flywheel-based kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) that enables us to overcome most of the shortcomings of the conventional battery-based KERS The utilized KERS is capable of capturing or providing much higher mechanical power than its electrical power ratings Meaning that, without overloading, the powertrain can capture more mechanical power than traction motors’ nominal values Moreover, since a significant part of the energy exchange takes place in mechanical form, only a portion of the initial kinetic energy (slip energy) needs to be converted into electrical form and be processed electrically In the proposed powertrain, there is no energy exchange necessary between the battery and the powertrain during each accelerations or braking event, thus also reducing the battery power rating Mathematical modeling and simulations were performed using space vector modeling method for the proposed powertrain The results prove the functionality of the proposed 4WD powertrain Experimental results are also presented for the proof of the concept

High-Performance 4WD Electric Powertrain With Flywheel Kinetic Energy Recovery

Transmotor-based flywheel energy exchange is a low-cost yet highly efficient method of energy transfer between vehicle wheels and a lightweight flywheel. This method utilizes one dual-rotor electric machine that enables us to overcome some of the shortcomings of the conventional electric kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS).The proposed system is capable of capturing far more mechanical power than its electrical power ratings. Furthermore, since a significant part of the energy exchange takes place in mechanical form, only a small fraction of the initial kinetic energy needs to be processed by the electrical energy storage device and the power electronic drive system. In this paper, the proposed Transmotor-based KERS has been compared with the conventional electric KERS. Mathematical modeling and simulations were performed using a space vector modeling method for both conventional electric KERS and the proposed system. Results show that the proposed system is capable of capturing a great part of kinetic energy of a vehicle during deceleration and storing it in a lightweight flywheel to be used for the next acceleration while keeping the electrical ratings of the KERS relatively low. Experimental results are also presented for the proof of the concept.

Electro-Mechanical EV Powertrain With Reduced Volt-Ampere Rating

The active electromagnetic slip coupling kinetic energy recovery system (KERS), introduced in this paper, is potentially a cost effective, yet efficient method of energy transfer between a vehicle and a lightweight flywheel. The transferred torque, as well as the coupling status, is determined by controlling its windings currents. The proposed system can work at any slip safely, including negative and positive values, between the primary and the secondary shafts as the slip power is converted into electrical power, and thus can be recovered. The proposed KERS may be less costly and less complicated than flywheel batteries as it needs only one electric machine and one power electronic converter. Moreover, it is capable of capturing much more mechanical power than its electrical ratings. Furthermore, since a great part of the energy exchange takes place in mechanical form, only a fraction of the captured energy needs to be processed by the power electronic converter. In this paper, mathematical modeling and simulations are performed using the space vector modeling method. Also, for the proof of the concept prototype of the system has been built, tested, and the results are verified.

Development of a Kinetic Energy Recovery System Using an Active Electromagnetic Slip Coupling

This paper presents an economic single-phase to three-phase converter which provides variable output voltage and soft starting capability by using four high frequency switches (IGBT, MOSFET), four diodes, and a triac. This converter can run a three-phase Induction motor which is much more efficient compared to a single phase motor. In order to have a balanced output voltage in all modes of operation (start-up, speed control, and steady state) two closed loop controllers has been utilized: one for dc link voltage and the other one for inverter output. The proposed scheme with variable output voltage and fixed frequency provides a limited-range speed control of the induction motor. As a result, the new single-phase to three-phase converter brings the controllable output voltage as in a six-switches standard three-phase inverter. The front-end rectifier has the capability of active input current shaping. Analysis and simulation results are presented in the result section to demonstrate these new features.

Ramin Tafazzoli Mehrjardi

Papers

State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

High-Performance 4WD Electric Powertrain With Flywheel Kinetic Energy Recovery

Electro-Mechanical EV Powertrain With Reduced Volt-Ampere Rating

Development of a Kinetic Energy Recovery System Using an Active Electromagnetic Slip Coupling

A low cost single-phase to three-phase power converter for low-power motor drive applications