A positive temperature coefficient is the term which has been used to indicate that an increase in solubility occurs as the temperature is raised, whereas a negative coefficient indicates a decrease in solubility with rise in temperature.

Effect of Temperature

The pollution of rivers and lakes is of concern because of the threat to public water supplied and because of the damage caused to natural ecosystems. Waterborne diseases remain rife in the Third World, while in developed countries there has been a decline in the quality of water. It has also become apparent that pollutants may destroy ecosystems hundreds of miles from their source. Some of these toxic materials such as lead and PCBs also pose threats to public health. This text describes the sources of various types of pollutants, their effects on aquatic organisms, ecosystems and man, using case histories where appropriate. Ways of mitigating the effects of pollutants by control and ecosystem manipulation are described. Techniques for assessing the effects of pollution, both in field and laboratory, are introduced. The role of the biologist in pollution assessment and control and in the wider sphere of mangement of acquatic resources is also examined.

Biology of Freshwater Pollution.

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Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Of Plants

Endophytes are abundant in plants and studies are continuously emanating on their ability to protect plants from pathogens that cause diseases especially in the field of agriculture. The advantage that endophytes have over other biocontrol agents is the ability to colonize plant’s internal tissues. Despite this attributes, a deep understanding of the mechanism employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases is still required for both effectiveness and commercialization. Also, there are increasing cases of antibiotics resistance among most causative agents of diseases in human beings, which calls for an alternative drug discovery using natural sources. Endophytes present themselves as a storehouse of many bioactive metabolites such as phenolic acids, alkaloids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids which makes them a promising candidate for anticancer, antimalarial, antituberculosis, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, and immunosuppressive properties among many others, even though the primary function of bioactive compounds from endophytes is to make the host plants resistant to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes still present themselves as a peculiar source of possible drugs. This study elucidates the mechanisms employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases and different bioactivities of importance to humans with a focus on endophytic bacteria and fungi.

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Elucidating Mechanisms of Endophytes Used in Plant Protection and Other Bioactivities With Multifunctional Prospects.

Isolation of lipase-secreting bacteria by deploying used frying oil as selective substrate - science tackles a potential health hazard

Sari SLA, Setyaningsih R, Wibowo NFA. 2017. Isolation and screening of cellulolytic fungi from Salacca zalacca leaf litter. Biodiversitas 18: 1282-1288. Cellulases are the main enzymes in a bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Fungal cellulases have been proven to be better candidates for this process than other microbial cellulases since they secrete free cellulase complex including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and I²-glucosidase. This study was conducted to isolate and screen of cellulolytic fungi from Salacca leaf litter. There were about 12 fungal isolates which were obtained in this research and 8 isolates showed cellulolytic activity. Based on morphological characters, these cellulolytic fungi were identified as belonging to 4 genera, i.e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, and Thielaviopsis. Based on clear zone formation, isolate SLL03, SLL06 and SLL10 showed highest cellulolytic activity. Whereas, based on 18S rRNA gene sequence, these isolates were identified as Aspergillums flavus (SLL03), Penicillium sp. (SLL06) Thielaviopsis ethacetica (SLL10). Therefore, these isolates would be good candidates for cellulase producer.

/pdf/isolation-and-screening-of-cellulolytic-fungi-from-salacca-ajw2itbltj.pdf

Isolation and screening of cellulolytic fungi from Salacca zalacca leaf litter

. Pangastuti A, Alfisah RK, Istiana NI, Sari SLA, Setyaningsih R, Susilowati A, Purwoko T. 2019. Metagenomic analysis of microbial community in over-fermented tempeh. Biodiversitas 20: 1106-1114. Tempeh is a traditional Indonesian food which is made from soybeans through a fermentation process using Rhizopus as a starter culture. Tempeh is now considered as a functional food with many beneficial effects to human health beyond its nutritional value. The microbial community during the further fermentation process of tempeh give typical characteristic taste and flavor. Therefore the over-fermented tempeh is used as a flavoring in some dishes. Metagenomic analysis needed to know the involvement of microbial communities since most of the microbes involved in further fermentation process are unculturable. This research aimed to study the diversity of the microbial community in the over-fermented tempeh (72 hours) using the metagenomic analysis. Seventeen OTUs of fungi in over-fermented tempeh were detected. Among them, 9 OTUs had significant abundance: six species were identified as Tryblidiopsis sichuanensis, Candida sp.2_1., Kluyveromyces marxianus, Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon gracile, and Trichosporon ovoides, one species was identified in the order level Mucorales, and two fungi species could not be determined. Species of the order Mucorales was the dominant species in over-fermented tempeh (72 hours) with a relative abundance of 62.46%, followed by Kluyveromyces marxianus with a relative abundance of 3698%. Meanwhile, 132 OTUs of the bacterial community was detected, the predominant 10 genera were Chryseobacterium, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Acetobacter, Novosphingobium, Comamonas, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Stenotrophomonas, in which Lactobacillus agilis, Lactococcus sp., and Klebsiella sp., were most abundant with relative abundance of 27%, 26.3%, and 13% respectively.

/pdf/metagenomic-analysis-of-microbial-community-in-over-42twk6pok2.pdf

Metagenomic analysis of microbial community in over-fermented tempeh

Rice fields are one of the main sources of high nitrous oxide N 2 O emission. Soil denitrifiers possessing high N 2 O reduction activity are important for controlling N 2 O emission. Nitrous oxide reduction is the last step of denitrification process. The aims of this study were to characterize and to identify denitrifying bacteria isolated from rice soils possessing high activity of N 2 O reduction. Soil samples were taken from 6 locations of rice fields in Bogor (West Java) and Tangerang (Banten), Indonesia. Physiological characterization was performed using API 20 NE, while molecular identification was conducted based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. It was found that ten isolates of denitrifying bacteria were able to grow using N 2 O as an electron acceptor as indicated by decreasing N 2 O concentration in the headspace of the cultures. The bacterial growth indicated by optical density, increased up to 0.12-0.47 after 5 days incubation. Isolate BL2 had the highest activity of N 2 O reduction followed by BL1 and BLN1 at up to 5.41, 4.09, and 3.91 μmol mL-1 bacterial cultures, respectively. The BL1, BL2, and BLN1 isolates had some different physiological characteristics. Based on their 16S rRNA sequence, BL1 and BLN1 were closely related to Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 with similarity of 99%.

/pdf/physiological-characterization-and-molecular-identification-59nfy6e4n4.pdf

Physiological Characterization and Molecular Identification of Denitrifying Bacteria Prosessing Nitrous Oxide High Reduction Activity Isolated from Rice Soils

Pengaruh Media Tumbuh terhadap Kadar Protein Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam Pembuatan Protein Sel Tunggal

Plastic is experiencing buildup in the environment. Biodegradation process can be used as an alternative for LDPE plastic degradation because the process is environmentally friendly. Some fungi of the genus Trichoderma are known to have a role in plastic biodegradation. This study aims to find out how the potential of that lignolytic Trichoderma spp. isolates in LDPE biodegradation. Five isolates were screened by growing on MSMB (mineral salt medium broth) emulsified LDPE powder, with 35 days incubation at 30°C and shaking at 80 rpm. TL1, TL4, and TL5 are the three most potential isolates, indicated by the growth marked by increasing colony size on screening media. They were then tested for biodegradability by growing the isolates in MSMA (mineral salt medium agar) which then inoculated by 4 sheets of sterile LDPE 1x3 cm2 above the colony surface, incubated for 5, 15, 25 and 35 days. The degredability assessment is done by measuring the weight loss of LDPE sheets after biodegradation treatment. The obtained degradability percentage of TL1, TL4, and TL5 are 4.87%, 7.12%, and 7,51% respectively. The visual micrograph of LDPE film by SEM showed the appearance of damage and unevenness on the surface of the post-degradation film.

https://google.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/333/1/012076/pdf

Ratna Setyaningsih

Papers

Isolation and screening of cellulolytic fungi from Salacca zalacca leaf litter

Metagenomic analysis of microbial community in over-fermented tempeh

Physiological Characterization and Molecular Identification of Denitrifying Bacteria Prosessing Nitrous Oxide High Reduction Activity Isolated from Rice Soils

Pengaruh Media Tumbuh terhadap Kadar Protein Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam Pembuatan Protein Sel Tunggal

The Potential of Lignolytic Trichoderma Isolates in LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) Plastic Biodegradation