This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Traditional engineering instruction is deductive, beginning with theories and progressing to the applications of those theories Alternative teaching approaches are more inductive Topics are introduced by presenting specific observations, case studies or problems, and theories are taught or the students are helped to discover them only after the need to know them has been established This study reviews several of the most commonly used inductive teaching methods, including inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, case-based teaching, discovery learning, and just-in-time teaching The paper defines each method, highlights commonalities and specific differences, and reviews research on the effectiveness of the methods While the strength of the evidence varies from one method to another, inductive methods are consistently found to be at least equal to, and in general more effective than, traditional deductive methods for achieving a broad range of learning outcomes

Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions, Comparisons, and Research Bases

Author(s): Clewlow, Regina R.; Mishra, Gouri S. | Abstract: The rapid adoption of ride-hailing poses significant challenges for transportation researchers, policymakers, and planners, as there is limited information and data about how these services affect transportation decisions and travel patterns. Given the long-range business, policy, and planning decisions that are required to support transportation infrastructure (including public transit, roads, bike lanes, and sidewalks), there is an urgent need to collect data on the adoption of these new services, and in particular their potential impacts on travel choices. This paper presents findings from a comprehensive travel and residential survey deployed in seven major U.S. cities, in two phases from 2014 to 2016, with a targeted, representative sample of their urban and suburban populations. The purpose of this report is to provide early insight on the adoption of, use, and travel behavior impacts of ride-hailing.

/pdf/disruptive-transportation-the-adoption-utilization-and-yd31ymjc67.pdf

Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States

On-demand ride services, such as those offered by Uber and Lyft, are transforming transportation supply and demand in many ways As the popularity and visibility of Uber/Lyft grow, an understanding of the factors affecting the use of these services becomes more important In this paper, we investigate the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services among millennials (ie young adults born between 1981 and 1997), and members of the preceding Generation X (ie middle-aged adults born between 1965 and 1980) in California We estimate binary logit models of the adoption of Uber/Lyft with and without the inclusion of attitudinal variables, using the California Millennials Dataset (N = 1975) The results are consistent across models: we find that highly educated, older millennials are more likely to use on-demand ride services than other groups We also find that greater land-use mix and regional accessibility by car are associated with greater likelihood of adopting on-demand ride services Respondents who report higher numbers of long-distance business trips and have a higher share of long-distance trips made by plane are also more likely to have used these services, as are frequent users of smartphone transportation-related apps, and those who have previously used taxi and carsharing services Among various attitudinal factors that were investigated, individuals with stronger pro-environmental, technology-embracing, and variety-seeking attitudes are more inclined to use ridehailing These findings provide a starting point for efforts to forecast the adoption of on-demand services and their impacts on overall travel patterns across various regions and sociodemographics

What influences travelers to use Uber? Exploring the factors affecting the adoption of on-demand ride services in California

With the rapid development and popularization of mobile and wireless communication technologies, ridesourcing companies have been able to leverage internet-based platforms to operate e-hailing services in many cities around the world. These companies connect passengers and drivers in real time and are disruptively changing the transportation industry. As pioneers in a general sharing economy context, ridesourcing shared transportation platforms consist of a typical two-sided market. On the demand side, passengers are sensitive to the price and quality of the service. On the supply side, drivers, as freelancers, make working decisions flexibly based on their income from the platform and many other factors. Diverse variables and factors in the system are strongly endogenous and interactively dependent. How to design and operate ridesourcing systems is vital—and challenging—for all stakeholders: passengers/users, drivers/service providers, platforms, policy makers, and the general public. In this paper, we propose a general framework to describe ridesourcing systems. This framework can aid understanding of the interactions between endogenous and exogenous variables, their changes in response to platforms’ operational strategies and decisions, multiple system objectives, and market equilibria in a dynamic manner. Under the proposed general framework, we summarize important research problems and the corresponding methodologies that have been and are being developed and implemented to address these problems. We conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on these problems in different areas from diverse perspectives, including (1) demand and pricing, (2) supply and incentives, (3) platform operations, and (4) competition, impacts, and regulations. The proposed framework and the review also suggest many avenues requiring future research.

https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5517&context=sis_research

Ridesourcing systems: A framework and review

Carsharing and sustainable travel behavior: Results from the San Francisco Bay Area

The Micro-Mobility Revolution: The Introduction and Adoption of Electric Scooters in the United States

The effect of carsharing on vehicle holdings and travel behavior: A propensity score and causal mediation analysis of the San Francisco Bay Area

U.S. airports face significant congestion problems, particularly in major metropolitan areas with continued population and economic growth. In addition to growth in air travel demand, frequent short-haul flights on routes of less than 500 mi contribute to airport congestion. The potential for high-speed rail (HSR) to substitute for aviation on these short-haul routes is well documented; however, there is a need to explore how rail can serve in a complementary mode to relieve congestion at airports by providing short-haul services in support of longer-haul airline services. The primary objective of this research project is to examine the role of cooperation between HSR and aviation to improve the aviation system planning process. This study addresses the following key questions: (a) How have airports, airlines, and rail operators cooperated to enable airport-HSR connectivity? (b) What are the service characteristics of airport-HSR connectivity? (c) What are the unique challenges associated with airport-HSR...

https://www.mit.edu/~hamsa/pubs/ClewlowSussmanBalakrishnanTRR.pdf

Regina R. Clewlow

Papers

Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States

Carsharing and sustainable travel behavior: Results from the San Francisco Bay Area

The Micro-Mobility Revolution: The Introduction and Adoption of Electric Scooters in the United States

The effect of carsharing on vehicle holdings and travel behavior: A propensity score and causal mediation analysis of the San Francisco Bay Area

Interaction of High-Speed Rail and Aviation: Exploring Air–Rail Connectivity