Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species.

Carbon monoxide, which is generated in mammals during the degradation of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase, is an important signaling mediator. Transition metal carbonyls have been recently shown to function as carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) and to elicit distinct pharmacological activities in biological systems. In the present study, we report that a water-soluble form of CO-RM promotes cardioprotection in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we found that tricarbonylchloro(glycinato)ruthenium(II) (CORM-3) is stable in water at acidic pH but in physiological buffers rapidly liberates CO in solution. Cardiac cells pretreated with CORM-3 (10 to 50 micromol/L) become more resistant to the damage caused by hypoxia-reoxygenation and oxidative stress. In addition, isolated hearts reperfused in the presence of CORM-3 (10 micromol/L) after an ischemic event displayed a significant recovery in myocardial performance and a marked and significant reduction in cardiac muscle damage and infarct size. The cardioprotective effects mediated by CORM-3 in cardiac cells and isolated hearts were totally abolished by 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels. Predictably, cardioprotection is lost when CORM-3 is replaced by an inactive form (iCORM-3) that is incapable of liberating CO. Using a model of cardiac allograft rejection in mice, we also found that treatment of recipients with CORM-3 but not iCORM-3 considerably prolonged the survival rate of transplanted hearts. These data corroborate the notion that transition metal carbonyls could be used as carriers to deliver CO and highlight the bioactivity and potential therapeutic features of CO-RMs in the mitigation of cardiac dysfunction. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.

Cardioprotective Actions by a Water-Soluble Carbon Monoxide–Releasing Molecule

Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at Complex I of the electron transport chain is implicated in the etiology of neural cell death in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial ROS production by NADH-linked respiratory substrates under physiologically realistic conditions in the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors. This study used Amplex Red fluorescence measurements of H2O2 to test the hypothesis that ROS production by isolated brain mitochondria is regulated by membrane potential (DeltaPsi) and NAD(P)H redox state. DeltaPsi was monitored by following the medium concentration of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium with a selective electrode. NAD(P)H autofluorescence was used to monitor NAD(P)H redox state. While the rate of H2O2 production was closely related to DeltaPsi and the level of NAD(P)H reduction at high values of DeltaPsi, 30% of the maximal rate of H2O2 formation was still observed in the presence of uncoupler (p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone) concentrations that provided for maximum depolarization of DeltaPsi and oxidation of NAD(P)H. Our findings indicate that ROS production by mitochondria oxidizing physiological NADH-dependent substrates is regulated by DeltaPsi and by the NAD(P)H redox state over ranges consistent with those that exist at different levels of cellular energy demand.

Regulation of brain mitochondrial H2O2 production by membrane potential and NAD(P)H redox state

The mitochondrion is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide (O2•−) is generated under specific bioenergetic conditions at several sites within the electron-transport system; most is converted to H2O2 inside and outside the mitochondrial matrix by superoxide dismutases. H2O2 is a major chemical messenger that, in low amounts and with its products, physiologically modulates cell function. The redox state and ROS scavengers largely control the emission (generation scavenging) of O2•−. Cell ischemia, hypoxia, or toxins can result in excess O2•− production when the redox state is altered and the ROS scavenger systems are overwhelmed. Too much H2O2 can combine with Fe2+ complexes to form reactive ferryl species (e.g., Fe(IV) = O•). In the presence of nitric oxide (NO•), O2•− forms the reactant peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and ONOOH-induced nitrosylation of proteins, DNA, and lipids can modify their structure and function. An initial increase in ROS can cause an even greater increase in R...

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Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Excitable Cells: Modulators of Mitochondrial and Cell Function

Tissue-, substrate-, and site-specific characteristics of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0014-5793%2803%2900007-3

Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opening decreases reactive oxygen species generation

Ischemic preconditioning requires increases in reactive oxygen release independent of mitochondrial K+ channel activity.

Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K + channels (mitoKATP) mediate ischemic preconditioning, a cardioprotective procedure. MitoKATP activity has been proposed to either enhance or prevent the release of reactive oxygen species. This study tested the redox effects of mitoKATP in order to clarify the role of these channels during preconditioning. We found no evidence that mitoKATP channels increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species release directly. In addition, neither ischemic preconditioning nor the mitoKATP agonist diazoxide increased antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, increases in reactive oxygen species observed during ischemic preconditioning were not inhibited by mitoKATP antagonists, suggesting that they occur upstream of channel activity. Antioxidants were tested to verify if diazoxide-promoted ischemic protection was dependent on reactive oxygen species. N-Acetylcysteine proved to be an inadequate antioxidant for these tests since it directly interfered with the ability of diazoxide to activate mitoKATP. Catalase reversed the beneficial effect of preconditioning, but not of diazoxide, indicating that reactive oxygen species mediating preconditioning occur upstream of mitoKATP. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ischemic preconditioning increases reactive oxygen release independently of mitoKATP and suggest that the activity of this channel prevents oxidative reperfusion damage by decreasing reactive oxygen species production.

Renato Ferranti

Papers

Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel opening decreases reactive oxygen species generation

Ischemic preconditioning requires increases in reactive oxygen release independent of mitochondrial K+ channel activity.

Original Contribution Ischemic preconditioning requires increases in reactive oxygen release independent of mitochondrial K + channel activity