Hydraulic fracturing has been used by the oil and gas industry as a way to boost hydrocarbon production since 1947. Recent advances in fracturing technologies, such as multistage fracturing in horizontal wells, are responsible for the latest hydrocarbon produc- tion boom in the US. Linear or crosslinked guars are the most commonly used fluids in traditional fracturing operations. The main functions of these fluids are to open/propagate the fractures and transport proppants into the fractures. Proppants are usually applied to form a thin layer between fracture faces to prop the fractures open at the end of the fracturing process. Chemical breakers are used to break the polymers at the end of the fracturing process so as to provide highly conductive fractures. Concerns over fracture conduc- tivity damage by viscous fluids in ultra-tight formations found in unconventional reservoirs prompted the industry to develop an alter- native fracturing fluid called "slickwater". It consists mainly of water with a very low concentration of linear polymer. The low concentration polymer serves primarily to reduce the friction loss along the flow lines. Proppant-carrying capability of this type of fluids is still a subject of debate among industry experts. Constraints on local water availability and the potential for damage to formations have led the industry to develop other types of fracturing fluids such as viscoelastic surfactants and energized fluids. This article reviews both the traditional viscous fluids used in conventional hydraulic fracturing operations as well as the new family of fluids being devel- oped for both traditional and unconventional reservoirs. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131 ,4 0735.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/app.40735

A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells

A review of the current progress of CO2 injection EOR and carbon storage in shale oil reservoirs

http://nlhfrp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/1-s2.0-S0304389414003021-main.pdf

Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of compounds used in hydraulic fracturing

Application of nanotechnology by means of nanoparticles and nanodispersions in oil recovery - A comprehensive review

The technology of hydraulic fracturing for hydrocarbon well stimulation is not new, but only fairly recently has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The conjunction of techniques such as directional drilling, high volume fracturing, micro-seismic monitoring, etc. with the development of multi-well pads has been especially successful in the last years in their application to shales, making gas production from shales technically and economically feasible. In Europe, the potential application of this technology has led to both great worries and high expectations: worries regarding the alleged magnitude of the environmental impact, and expectations about production of indigenous hydrocarbons. Other types of formation stimulation exist that do not make use of water-based fluids (for instance, explosive fracturing, dynamic loading, etc.), or that make use of fluids other than water. These are currently not extensively applied due to performance considerations. As for any other industrial activity, the deployment of high-volume hydraulic fracturing could potentially entail some risks to the environment. Among the concerns raised are high usage of water, methane infiltration in aquifers, aquifer contamination, extended surface footprint, induced local seismicity, etc. New technologies could help addressing these concerns (for instance by using non-toxic chemicals, by reducing or eliminating altogether the usage of water, by considerably reducing the surface footprint of a well, etc.). This report reviews hydraulic fracturing and alternative fracturing technologies, by searching the open literature, patent databases and commercial websites (mainly in the English language). For each identified technique, an overview is given. The technique is then briefly explained, and its rationale (reasons for use) is identified. Potential advantages and disadvantages are identified, and some considerations on costs are given. Finally, the status of the technique (for instance, commercially applied, being developed, concept, etc.) is given for its application to shale gas production. As the Commission’s in-house science service, the Joint Research Centre’s mission is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the whole policy cycle. Working in close cooperation with policy Directorates-General, the JRC addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation through developing new standards, methods and tools, and sharing and transferring its know-how to the Member States and international community. Key policy areas include: environment and climate change; energy and transport; agriculture and food security; health and consumer protection; information society and digital agenda; safety and security including nuclear; all supported through a cross- cutting and multi-disciplinary approach. L D -N A -2 6 3 4 7 -E N -N

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An overview of hydraulic fracturing and other formation stimulation technologies for shale gas production

Probabilistic assessment of ground motion rotation impact on seismic performance of structures

ABSTRACT The discussers congratulate the authors for their interesting study on the performance evaluation of the one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and coupled 1D/ 2D HEC-RAS models. Ghimire et al. (2022) also performed the sensitivity analysis to detect the most sensitive models for given input variables. The original study is useful and interesting. However, the discussers would like to draw attention to some issues.

Discussion of ‘evaluation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional HEC-RAS models to predict flood travel time and inundation area for flood warning system’

Passageways for permeability: Geostatistical simulation of controls on the connectivity of vug-to-vug pore networks

/pdf/closure-to-reverse-flood-routing-in-rivers-using-linear-and-tolz5j2l.pdf

Closure to “Reverse Flood Routing in Rivers Using Linear and Nonlinear Muskingum Models” by Meisam Badfar, Reza Barati, Emrah Dogan, and Gokmen Tayfur


 The adsorption capacity of shale is commonly measured in the laboratory under low pressures. At low pressures, the excess adsorption capacity is approximately equal to the absolute adsorption capacity. Under high pressure, however, the excess adsorption is far less than the absolute adsorption capacity. The objective of this paper is to extend the adsorption measurements to a high temperature of 275 °F and pressure up to 9000 psi. Under such a HPHT, the adsorption curve shows a characteristic of supercritical high-pressure isotherm in which a critical desorption pressure can be identified. The adsorption isotherm under HPHT facilitates a better assessment of gas reserves for an effective assessment of shale gas reservoirs. The adsorption is measured based on a volumetric method. An in-house built setup was constructed to conduct the adsorption measurement at HPHT. The volume of sample cell and reference cell was calibrated with non-adsorbed Helium gas. Methane and field produced natural gas were used as adsorbate while the shale samples at different depth from a Gulf Coast organic shale were used as adsorbent. Excess adsorption measurements were carried out at reservoir temperature of 275 °F with 500 psi incremental pressure at a time until the pressure reaches 9000 psi. The absolute adsorption was calculated from the excess adsorption accordingly.
 The excess adsorption isotherm shows a typical supercritical fluid adsorption behavior. The adsorption increases with pressure, reaches a peak point at which pressure is defined as critical desorption pressure (CDP), and then decreases at pressures above CDP. The CDP of methane is higher than that of natural gas while methane is a majority of its component. The maximum amount of adsorption determined from the measurement varies from 203 to 213 SCF/ton. The Langmuir model does a good job predicting the absolute methane adsorption but fails to properly describe the adsorption behavior of natural gas at high pressure. This work presents a HPHT adsorption measurement at pressures and temperatures typically seen in deep shale gas reservoirs. The supercritical fluid adsorption behavior presented may assist the assessment of gas reserve and development of gas production.

Reza Barati

Papers

Probabilistic assessment of ground motion rotation impact on seismic performance of structures

Discussion of ‘evaluation of one-dimensional and two-dimensional HEC-RAS models to predict flood travel time and inundation area for flood warning system’

Passageways for permeability: Geostatistical simulation of controls on the connectivity of vug-to-vug pore networks

Closure to “Reverse Flood Routing in Rivers Using Linear and Nonlinear Muskingum Models” by Meisam Badfar, Reza Barati, Emrah Dogan, and Gokmen Tayfur

Experimental Investigation of High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) Adsorption of Methane and Natural Gas on Shale Gas Samples