https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=psych_facpub

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes and outcomes

Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how behavior changes over time and across contexts. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of subjects’ current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects’ natural environments. EMA aims to minimize recall bias, maximize ecological validity, and allow study of microprocesses that influence behavior in real-world contexts. EMA studies assess particular events in subjects’ lives or assess subjects at periodic intervals, often by random time sampling, using technologies ranging from written diaries and telephones to electronic diaries and physiological sensors. We discuss the rationale for EMA, EMA designs, methodological and practical issues, and comparisons of EMA and recall data. EMA holds unique promise to advance the science and practice of clinical psychology by shedding ligh...

Ecological Momentary Assessment

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.

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Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.

http://depts.washington.edu/uwcssc/sites/default/files//hw00/d40/uwcssc/sites/default/files/Acceptance%20and%20Action%20Questionnaire%20(AAQ-II)_0.pdf

Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance.

Background: The Internet is increasingly used as a medium for the delivery of interventions designed to promote health behavior change. However, reviews of these interventions to date have not systematically identified intervention characteristics and linked these to effectiveness. Objectives: The present review sought to capitalize on recently published coding frames for assessing use of theory and behavior change techniques to investigate which characteristics of Internet-based interventions best promote health behavior change. In addition, we wanted to develop a novel coding scheme for assessing mode of delivery in Internet-based interventions and also to link different modes to effect sizes. Methods: We conducted a computerized search of the databases indexed by ISI Web of Knowledge (including BIOSIS Previews and Medline) between 2000 and 2008. Studies were included if (1) the primary components of the intervention were delivered via the Internet, (2) participants were randomly assigned to conditions, and (3) a measure of behavior related to health was taken after the intervention. Results: We found 85 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria, providing a total sample size of 43,236 participants. On average, interventions had a statistically small but significant effect on health-related behavior (d+ = 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.23). More extensive use of theory was associated with increases in effect size (P = .049), and, in particular, interventions based on the theory of planned behavior tended to have substantial effects on behavior (d+ = 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.56). Interventions that incorporated more behavior change techniques also tended to have larger effects compared to interventions that incorporated fewer techniques (P < .001). Finally, the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions was enhanced by the use of additional methods of communicating with participants, especially the use of short message service (SMS), or text, messages. Conclusions: The review provides a framework for the development of a science of Internet-based interventions, and our findings provide a rationale for investing in more intensive theory-based interventions that incorporate multiple behavior change techniques and modes of delivery. [J Med Internet Res 2010;12(1):e4]

Using the Internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy

Impact of New York prescription drug monitoring program, I-STOP, on statewide overdose morbidity

This paper seeks to characterise the distribution of extreme returns for a UK share index over the years 1975 to 2000. In particular, the suitability of the following distributions is investigated: Gumbel, Frechet, Weibull, Generalised Extreme Value, Generalised Pareto, Log-Normal and Generalised Logistic. Daily returns for the FT All Share index were obtained from Datastream, and the maxima and minima of these daily returns over a variety of selection intervals were calculated. Plots of summary statistics for the weekly maxima and minima on statistical distribution maps suggested that the best fitting distribution would be either the Generalised Extreme Value or the Generalised Logistic. The results from fitting each of these two distributions to extremes of a series of UK share returns support the conclusion that the Generalised Logistic distribution best fits the UK data for extremes over the period of the study. The Generalised Logistic distribution has fatter tails than either the log-normal or the Generalised Extreme Value distribution, hence this finding is of importance to investors who are concerned with assessing the risk of a portfolio.

An Analysis of the Distribution of Extreme Share Returns in the UK from 1975 to 2000

Purpose To evaluate the safety and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) retreatment following primary procedures for high myopia and astigmatism Setting Corneal Diseases and Excimer Laser Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom Methods This prospective observational study of retreatment comprised a cohort of 109 eyes having primary LASIK for high myopia and astigmatism with a spherical equivalent (SE) of −970 diopters (D) ± 406 (SD) Twenty-four eyes (22%) with an initial myopic SE of –983 ± 350 D, a comparable subset of the entire group (P Results The mean follow-up after retreatment was 128 ± 51 months (range 15 to 24 months; 19 eyes ≥6 months, 13 eyes ≥12 months) The mean myopic SE was reduced to +053 ± 062 D at 1 week, +005 ± 050 D at 1 month, +030 ± 050 D at 6 months, and +018 ± 042 D at the latest follow-up, 128 months At the latest review, 62% of eyes were within ±050 D of emmetropia and 100% were within ±100 D The mean refraction did not alter statistically between 1 week and subsequent times The mean UCVA improved from 6/30 prior to retreatment to 6/9 at the latest follow-up Uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6 or better, 6/9 or better, and 6/12 or better was achieved by 330%, 750%, and 958% of eyes, respectively No significant complications that led to a loss of best corrected visual acuity were encountered, although retreatment procedures were more uncomfortable than primary procedures and self-limiting; epithelial ingrowth that did not threaten vision was common, and 2 patients complained of nighttime visual symptoms Conclusions Retreatment of residual myopia by reelevating the flap was relatively safe and predictable, with a low risk of sight-threatening complications However, longer term studies may be required to detect late complications

Safety and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement by flap reelevation in high myopia.

Attrition in worksite weight-loss interventions: the effects of an incentive procedure.

Multi-disciplinary research has revealed that electrically conductive contact of the human body with the surface of the Earth (grounding or earthing) produces intriguing effects on physiology and health. Such effects relate to inflammation, immune responses, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this report is two-fold: to 1) inform researchers about what appears to be a new perspective to the study of inflammation, and 2) alert researchers that the length of time and degree (resistance to ground) of grounding of experimental animals is an important but usually overlooked factor that can influence outcomes of studies of inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Specifically, grounding an organism produces measurable differences in the concentrations of white blood cells, cytokines, and other molecules involved in the inflammatory response. We present several hypotheses to explain observed effects, based on current research results and our understanding of the electronic aspects of cell and tissue physiology, cell biology, biophysics, and biochemistry. An experimental injury to muscles, known as delayed onset muscle soreness, has been used to monitor the immune response under grounded versus ungrounded conditions. Grounding reduces pain and alters the numbers of circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes, and also affects various circulating chemical factors related to inflammation.

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The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Richard A. Brown

Papers

Impact of New York prescription drug monitoring program, I-STOP, on statewide overdose morbidity

An Analysis of the Distribution of Extreme Share Returns in the UK from 1975 to 2000

Safety and predictability of laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement by flap reelevation in high myopia.

Attrition in worksite weight-loss interventions: the effects of an incentive procedure.

The effects of grounding (earthing) on inflammation, the immune response, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases