The position of subjects

The goal of this book is twofold. On the one hand we want to offer a discussion of some of the more important properties of the nominal projection, on the other hand we want to provide the reader with tools for syntactic analysis which apply to the structure of DP but which are also relevant for other domains of syntax. In order to achieve this dual goal we will discuss phenomena which are related to the nominal projection in relation to other syntactic phenomena (e.g. pro drop will be related to N-ellipsis, the classification of pronouns will be applied to the syntax of possessive pronouns, N-movement will be compared to V-movement, the syntax of the genitive construction will be related to that of predicate inversion etc.). In the various chapters we will show how recent theoretical proposals (distributed morphology, anti-symmetry, checking theory) can cast light on aspects of the syntax of the NP. When necessary, we will provide a brief introduction of these theoretical proposals. We will also indicate problems with these analyses, whether they be inherent to the theories as such (e.g. what is the trigger for movement in antisymmetric approaches) or to the particular instantiations. The book cannot and will not provide the definitive analysis of the syntax of noun phrases. We consider that this would not be possible, given the current flux in generative syntax, with many new theoretical proposals being developed and explored, but the book aims at giving the reader the tools with which to conduct research and to evaluate proposals in the literature. In the discussion of various issues, we will apply the framework that is most adequate to deal with problems at hand. We will therefore not necessarily use the same approach throughout the discussion. Though proposals in the literature will be referred to when relevant, we cannot attempt to provide a critical survey of the literature. We feel that such a survey would be guided too strongly by theoretical choices, which would not be compatible with the pedagogical purposes this book has. The book is comparative in its approach, and data from different languages will be examined, including English, German, Dutch (West-Flemish), Greek, Romance, Semitic, Slavic, Albanian, Hungarian, Gungbe.

Noun Phrase in the Generative Perspective

Epithelial transport relies on the proper function and regulation of the tight junction (TJ), other-wise uncontrolled paracellular leakage of solutes and water would occur. They also act as a fence against mixing of membrane proteins of the apical and basolateral side. The proteins determining paracellular transport consist of four transmembrane regions, intracellular N and C terminals, one intracellular and two extracellular loops (ECLs). The ECLs interact laterally and with counterparts of the neighboring cell and by this achieve a general sealing function. Two TJ protein families can be distinguished, claudins, comprising 27 members in mammals, and TJ-associated MARVEL proteins (TAMP), comprising occludin, tricellulin, and MarvelD3. They are linked to a multitude of TJ-associated regulatory and scaffolding proteins. The major TJ proteins are classified according to the physiological role they play in enabling or preventing paracellular transport. Many TJ proteins have sealing functions (claudins 1, 3, 5, 11, 14, 19, and tricellulin). In contrast, a significant number of claudins form channels across TJs which feature selectivity for cations (claudins 2, 10b, and 15), anions (claudin-10a and -17), or are permeable to water (claudin-2). For several TJ proteins, function is yet unclear as their effects on epithelial barriers are inconsistent (claudins 4, 7, 8, 16, and occludin). TJs undergo physiological and pathophysiological regulation by altering protein composition or abundance. Major pathophysiological conditions which involve changes in TJ protein composition are (1) effects of pathogens binding to TJ proteins, (2) altered TJ protein composition during inflammation and infection, and (3) altered TJ protein expression in cancers.

Claudins and other tight junction proteins.

Abstract 1. The Program Starting out from the central ingredients of the analysis of the locality restrictions on Predicate Inversion presented in Den Dikken (2006a), in this paper I will lay the foundations for a theory of syntactic locality and the relationship between phrasal extraction and head movement that is predicated on the premises below: (1) Phase Impenetrability syntactic relationships (Agree) and processes (Move) are constrained by the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) of Chomsky (2000 et passim): in phase α with head H, the domain is not accessible to operations outside α, only H and its edge are accessible to such operations (2) Inherent Phase an inherent phase is a predication (subject–predicate structure) (3) Phase Extension syntactic movement of the head H of a phase α up to the head X of the node β dominating α extends the phase up from α to β; α loses its phasehood in the process, and any constituent on the edge of α ends up in the domain of the derived phase β as a result of Phase Extension

Phase Extension Contours of a theory of the role of head movement in phrasal extraction

In this article I present an outline of a theory of phrase structure that incorporates a series of functional projections forming the basis for the interpretation of tense. Most previous theories of tense have relied on an idiosyncratic set of semantic rules to account for the distribution and interpretation of particular tense forms. The theory that I develop here seeks to derive most of the semantics of tense from independently motivated principles of syntactic theory. To this end, I introduce a minimum of new theoretical machinery, though a more complex syntactic structure is required, involving an additional functional projection dominating the verb phrase and various phonetically null elements. In this respect, the theory is in the spirit of work in the Principles and Parameters framework associated with the interpretation of argument structure, thematic roles, and pronominal reference.

The Phrase Structure of Tense

. In this paper I argue that a common noun phrase DP contains a small clause, including both a predicate (headed by the common noun) and an abstract subject position. DPs that are specific (in the sense of EnG 1991) are argued to have an operator in SpecDP, which A-bar binds the abstract subject position of the DP-internal small clause. This analysis forms the basis of an account of the Specificity Effect on extraction from DP, as well as some other facts concerning the internal structure of DP. The analysis also predicts that while specific nominal predicates are DPs, non-specific nominal predicates are not. The two kinds of nominal predicate differ distributionally, and it is shown that these differences follow from the proposed analysis.

SPECIFICITY OPERATORS IN SpecDP

The infection of CD4 cells may have significant involvement in the transmission and long-term persistency of HIV. Using HIV clones carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), we infected epithelial and glioneuronal cell lines derived from the female reproductive tract, brain, colon, and intestine. HIV infection was quantified by counting EGFP-positive cells. Infection was quantified in cell lines from the female reproductive tract, brain tissue, and colon tissue (0.36%-3.15%). Virus replicated in the infected cells and the progeny virus were infectious for CD4 cells, HeLa-CD4, and CEM T lymphocytes. Furthermore, we found that infection of these epithelial and brain cell lines is independent of gp120. The results from the infection of CD4 epithelial cells suggest that HIV can traverse epithelial cell layers by infecting them through a gp120-independent mechanism. Infection of glial and neuronal cell lines suggests that HIV infection of these cells is a probable mechanism for HIV pathogenicity in the brain and a possible cause for persistent infection in patients.

gp120-independent HIV infection of cells derived from the female reproductive tract, brain, and colon.

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of CD4(-) cells has been demonstrated, and this may be an important mechanism for HIV transmission.

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Involvement of claudin-7 in HIV infection of CD4(-) cells.

The grammatical structure of verbal predicates

Les constructions de serie verbale partageant l'objet en akan sont repertoriees en 2 classes : une classe ou le SN partage correspond a un objet accusatif du V2 (construction de serie verbale accusative) et une classe ou il correspond a un argument interne non marque par le V2 (serie verbale non accusative). L'A. montre que tous les arguments internes des constructions de la classe 2 sont generes en tant qu'arguments du V2. Afin de rendre compte de l'apparente relation thematique liant le SN au V1, il propose une theorie de l'assignation de theta-role dans laquelle un V1 peut assigner un theta-role a un complement de SV qui, a son tour, contraint la structure thematique du V2

Richard Campbell

Papers

SPECIFICITY OPERATORS IN SpecDP

gp120-independent HIV infection of cells derived from the female reproductive tract, brain, and colon.

Involvement of claudin-7 in HIV infection of CD4(-) cells.

The grammatical structure of verbal predicates

Serial verbs and shared arguments