Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons

One of Feynman's early applications of path integrals was to superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. He showed that the thermodynamic properties of Bose systems are exactly equivalent to those of a peculiar type of interacting classical "ring polymer." Using this mapping, one can generalize Monte Carlo simulation techniques commonly used for classical systems to simulate boson systems. In this review, the author introduces this picture of a boson superfluid and shows how superfluidity and Bose condensation manifest themselves. He shows the excellent agreement between simulations and experimental measurements on liquid and solid helium for such quantities as pair correlations, the superfluid density, the energy, and the momentum distribution. Major aspects of computational techniques developed for a boson superfluid are discussed: the construction of more accurate approximate density matrices to reduce the number of points on the path integral, sampling techniques to move through the space of exchanges and paths quickly, and the construction of estimators for various properties such as the energy, the momentum distribution, the superfluid density, and the exchange frequency in a quantum crystal. Finally the path-integral Monte Carlo method is compared to other quantum Monte Carlo methods.

Path integrals in the theory of condensed helium

http://myweb.clemson.edu/~daw/D_reprints/MatSciRep.v9p251y93.pdf

The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications

The influence of vibration‐rotation interaction on line intensities in vibration‐rotation bands of diatomic molecules had been recognized and treated approximately many years ago. In the present paper matrix elements have been calculated for the P and R branches of the 0—1, 0—2 and 1—2 transitions taking into account the interaction of rotation and vibration as well as the mechanical and electrical anharmonicity. For the 0—1 and 1—2 transitions the intensities of corresponding absorption lines in the P and R branches are proportional, in first order approximation, to [1+4γθJ]J and [1—4γθ(J+1)](J+1), respectively, where J is the rotational quantum number of the initial state, γ=2Be/ωe, θ=M0/M1re and M0 and M1 are the first two coefficients in the electric dipole moment expansion about the equilibrium internuclear distance re. Corrections to the above expressions that are proportional to γ2 have also been obtained. Formulas are given for the total integrated band intensity and for the line intensities summed over each branch taken individually. In the case of certain molecules, such as HCl for which θ≅1, it is possible to determine the magnitude of sign of θ by applying the above analyses to experimental data. For molecules such as CO, where θ≪1, the effect is negligible for the fundamental transition. A semiclassical interpretation of the influence of vibration‐rotation interaction on line intensity has also been given.

Influence of Vibration‐Rotation Interaction on Line Intensities in Vibration‐Rotation Bands of Diatomic Molecules

A theory of surface magnetoplasmons in semiconductors is developed with the inclusion of retardation for the geometry in which the magnetic field is parallel to the surface and the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the magnetic field. If the background dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ lies in a suitable range for a given value of the magnetic field, gaps appear in the dispersion relation for the surface magnetoplasmons. The possible experimental observation of these gaps is discussed.

Theory of Surface Magnetoplasmons in Semiconductors

A theory is presented for surface polaritons associated with the planar surface of a semi-infinite anisotropic dielectric medium. Retardation is included. In general, two attenuating components with different attenuation constants must be superposed within the medium in order to satisfy the boundary conditions, and the macroscopic electric field vector does not lie in the sagittal plane. For special cases, however, only one attenuating component is required, and the electric vector does lie in the sagittal plane. The theory is applied to the specific case of surface magnetoplasmons in a semiconductor for magnetic fields either perpendicular or parallel to the surface. In the latter case, propagation directions parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field are considered. Possibilities for the experimental observation of the effects predicted are discussed.

Theory of surface polaritons in anisotropic dielectric media with application to surface magnetoplasmons in semiconductors

Localized Excitations in Solids

We calculate the efficiency with which a surface polariton at a metal–dielectric interface is excited when a p-polarized volume electromagnetic wave is incident upon the end face of the metal–dielectric system that is normal to the interface. We find generation efficiencies of approximately 90%.

Richard F. Wallis

Papers

Influence of Vibration‐Rotation Interaction on Line Intensities in Vibration‐Rotation Bands of Diatomic Molecules

Theory of Surface Magnetoplasmons in Semiconductors

Theory of surface polaritons in anisotropic dielectric media with application to surface magnetoplasmons in semiconductors

Localized Excitations in Solids

Excitation of surface polaritons by end-fire coupling.