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Historical Statistics of the United States

The legitimate use of force is generally presumed to be the realm of the state. However, the flourishing role of the private sector in security over the last twenty years has brought this into question. In this book Deborah Avant examines the privatization of security and its impact on the control of force. She describes the growth of private security companies, explains how the industry works, and describes its range of customers – including states, non-government organisations and commercial transnational corporations. She charts the inevitable trade-offs that the market for force imposes on the states, firms and people wishing to control it, suggests a new way to think about the control of force, and offers a model of institutional analysis that draws on both economic and sociological reasoning. The book contains case studies drawn from the US and Europe as well as Africa and the Middle East.

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The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security

▪ Abstract Who will guard the guardians? Political scientists since Plato have sought to answer this, the central question of the civil-military relations subfield. Although civil-military relations is a very broad subject, encompassing the entire range of relationships between the military and civilian society at every level, the field largely focuses on the control or direction of the military by the highest civilian authorities in nation-states. This essay surveys political science's contribution to our understanding of civil-military relations, providing a rough taxonomy for cataloguing the field and discussing the recent renaissance in the literature as well as fruitful avenues for future research. The essay focuses on theoretical developments, slighting (for reasons of space) the many case studies and empirical treatments that have also made important contributions to our knowledge.

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Civil-military relations1

Although previous studies have examined U.S. public support for the use of military force in particular historical cases, and have even made limited comparisons among cases, a full comparison of a large number of historical episodes in which the United States contemplated, threatened, or actually used military force has been missing. An analysis of U.S. public support for the use of military force in twenty-two historical episodes from the early 1980s through the Iraq war and occupation (2003-05) underscores the continuing relevance of Bruce Jentleson's principal policy objectives framework: the objective for which military force is used is an important determinant of the base level of public support. The U.S. public supports restraining aggressive adversaries, but it is leery of involvement in civil-war situations. Although the objective of the mission strongly conditions this base level of support, the public is also sensitive to the relative risk of different military actions; to the prospect of civili...

Victory Has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force, 1981-2005

Introduction Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk Part I. The Perils of War-to-Democracy Transitions: 1. Dilemmas of war-to-democracy transitions: theories and concepts Anna K. Jarstad Part II. The Security Context: 2. Peacekeeping and democratization Virginia Page Fortna 3. Violence in war-to-democracy transitions Kristine Hoglund Part III. The Political Process: 4. Power sharing: former enemies in joint government Anna K. Jarstad 5. When rebels change their stripes: armed insurgents in post-war politics Mimmi Soderberg Kovacs 6. Post-war elections: uncertain turning points of transition Benjamin Reilly 7. Civil society in war-to-democracy transitions Roberto Belloni Part IV. International Engagement: 8. International responses to crises of democratization in war-torn societies Peter Wallensteen 9. Peacebuilding as democratization: findings and recommendations Timothy D. Sisk.

From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding

Among the oldest problems of human governance has been that of securing the subordination of military forces to political authority. In the twentieth century alone, civilian control of the military has been a concern of democracies like the United States and France, of communist tyrannies such as the Soviet Union and China, of fascist dictatorships in Germany and Italy, and since 1945, of many smaller states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Whether--and how--a society controls those who possess the ultimate power of physical coercion, and ensures their loyalty both to the particular government in power and to the regime in general, is basic to democratic governance.

How Democracies Control the Military

Soldiers and Civilians analyzes the emerging civil-military "gap" in the United States, drawing on a major survey of military officers, civilian leaders, and the general public. The book's contributors, leading scholars of defense policy, find that numerous schisms have undermined civil-military cooperation and harmed military effectiveness.

Soldiers and civilians : the civil-military gap and American national security

Dr. Kohn is professor of history and chairman of the Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After undergraduate study at Harvard and earning a doctorate at the University of Wisconsin, he taught at City College, City University of New York; Rutgers University–New Brunswick; and at the National and U.S. Army War Colleges. He served as chief of Air Force history and chief historian of the U.S. Air Force, 1981–1991. Most recently he edited (with Peter Feaver) Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security (2001), reviewed in this issue.

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The Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today

Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783-1802

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Richard H. Kohn

Papers

How Democracies Control the Military

Soldiers and civilians : the civil-military gap and American national security

The Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today

Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783-1802

Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783-1802